Thesemammalshave innate feral impulses that help them thrive in the wild. Coyotes have a bite force of 9.2 psi, which is about the same as a humans bite at 120 pounds per square inch (psi). Predatory attacks are likely to happen when coyotes are at a threat for survival and safety. When theyre hungry, they mainly strike on small dog breeds they can easily feed on. As coyotes mainly kill for survival, they are quick and agile as they initiate the attack. They bite quickly, clamp down, then shake and release. No material on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional veterinary advice, food recommendation, diagnosis, or treatment. Dogs tend to have shorter legs while coyotes have longer Apart from this reason, coyotes can also bedangerous to humansbecause of their sharp teeth that can cause serious wounds. The coyotes canine teeth are very sharp, but they are not as sharp as a housecatsteeth. They are found in Mexico, South America, and North America. What does a mosquito bite look like on a dog? At 8.a.m. We madesure theCoyoteVestis easy to use so that youcan get in the habit of putting it on your dog every time you go out - just like we do. I have spent over 10 years training dogs of all shapes, sizes and species including among other things obedience, agility and tricks classes as well as working with rescue organizations specializing in aggressive animal behavior. In conclusion, how best can we address the coyote bite force Psi topic? Food is something that tames coyotes, but feeding coyotes amplifies their Depending on the depth of the bite and if the coyote was successful with a kill, there will also be signs of their molars and premolars behind the deeper puncture bites. Not only do they prey on livestock such as chickens and lambs, but our cats and dogs can make an easy meal for these canine natives as well. Finally, while their coats may appear similar, wolves can grow up to twice the size of the average coyote. I had seven coyotes in my driveway.". In laboratory situations, scientists can determine the age of a coyote by counting its teeth layers of cementum. The coyote jumps out of the way, but still goes in for a bite. The collar and the waist are very adjustable as we make the straps extra long. The average human has a bite force of around 100 psi, but some people can bite harder than others. Talking of how regularly coyotes bite, what about when it comes to a coyote attacking a 60 lb dog, will a coyote attack a 60 lb dog? I add this because I have seen several tiny dogs at off leash dog parks been throttled by larger dogs! They both belong to the Canis genus which is used to mean barking animals. But, if you have a small German Shepherd, it may not be able to beat a larger coyote if he catches him by surprise. They hunt more actively to provide for their young, and they also become more defensive of their territory. It's exceedingly rare for coyotes to attack humans but they will take mid-size or small dogs or cats or attack geriatric large dogs. These canine teeth are large, round, and pointy with heavy premolars and molars for crushing hard material, like bone. An Arlington labradoodle was seriously injured by a coyote on Sunday night, the latest in a series of attacks. This is due to the fact that a coyotes jaw muscles are more developed than those of a dog. What to do if your dog is attacked by a coyote Because coyote bites have the potential to cause severe body and organ damage, Rutter recommends that every pet that is attacked by a coyote, bobcat, or an unknown animal be evaluated by a Coyote Fur : What Coyote Fur Looks Like? Well, the coyote bite force psi is a little less than that of the domestic dog. Coyotes are a predator species, and they do occasionally bite humans. So when measuring, it's important that your dog is standing and you're measuring a straight shot from the front shoulder to the start of the tail without curving the measuring tape. That way, if a coyote does come around, the light will turn on before he gets into your yard. They have a bite force of 88 pounds per square inch (PSI). There are always premolars, molars, incisors, and canines. The side panels are reinforcedwith genuineDuPontKevlar. In circumstances where a coyote was deemed to be an intruder, a GSD will fight and defend his territory out of their guarding instinct. Baby coyotes definitely bite. Another backyard tip is to install motion-sensor Coyotes canines also provide a tight grip on their hunt. Even as recently as August 2021, children seem to be more on the receiving end of these attacks than adults. Founded in 1884, the not-for-profit AKC is the recognized and trusted expert in breed, health, and training information for all dogs. Three-quarters of a coyotes diet consists of other mammals andcarrionmeat, utilizing their sharp canines even more. When a coyote bite is present, there are usually four very deep puncture marks at the site. (9 Clear Facts), Do Tigers Hibernate? What does a dog bite infection look like? Bites from coyotes can be serious if the animal has rabies or other diseases passed along by ticks or fleas that have bitten an infected animal then passed on their diseases to any human who touches or cleanses the wound with their mouth or tongue before realizing it had been contaminated with blood from an infected mammal. July 22, 2021 at 3:15 p.m. Several f Dogs tend to have shorter legs while coyotes have longer legs. Coyotes will howl and bark at neighbors who intrude on their territory, and at dogs, people, and other large animals that they perceive as a potential threat. The coyote has a very strong bite and can exert a lot of pressure with its jaws. Wolves and dogs tend to have a crooked or hourglass-shaped jaw whereas coyotes have a perfectly aligned u-shape with straight lines from the front to the back. What does a skunk bite look like on a dog? Their gestation period lasts between 58 to 63 days. John Maguranis, a retired Belmont animal control officer, told 7 News Boston he believes the incidents are connected, with one animal responsible for all of the attacks. Attacks may be more likely during that time, but in winter when resources are scare, coyotes can also grow desperate for food and move into human domains, which can cause more incidents with dogs. "It was almost a coordinated effort. The broad daylight attack happened at 11 a.m. in the backyard of Chico's owners, Kerri and Larry Ruiz, in Chatsworth. Options: 5 sizes But there are a few indicators to guesstimate if an animal suffered a coyotes bite. See the terrifying encounter in the video above. They are complete withincisors,canines,premolars, andmolars. Police in a Massachusetts town said a dog had to euthanized after seven coyotes attacked it, just hours before a man was also attacked and bitten while walking his dogs. "Three came out one way, four came around the back way and attacked the second dog. Unless you have a much-trained eye to differentiate jaw signatures, its going to be difficult to tell if an animal has encountered a coyote. Since these pack animals are both scavengers and hunters, their snouts, also called muzzles, are the raison dtre in a coyotes life. Why Do Donkeys Keep Coyotes Away. Talking of how often coyotes bite, what about when it comes to coyote bite force psi? 20 Best Candles on Amazon to Instantly Warm Your Home, Amazon Presidents' Day Sales 2023: What You Can Shop Right Now, Splendid Spoon Review: Plant-Based Smoothies, Soups, Grain Bowls and More, This Popular Rechargeable Hand Warmer Is 30% off on Amazon Right Now. It's said that this derives from evolutionary behavior. Coyote bite force psi is the amount of pressure a coyote can exert with its jaws. Coyote vests are made for small dogs and have a Kevlar neck collar armed with 1-inch spikes and spikes down the back, making it hard for coyotes to get a bite. As canines, coyotes share the same unique Canidae characteristic. A dog is domesticated while a coyote is wild. The coyote has a very strong bite and can exert a lot of pressure with its jaws. Coyote droppings resemble a knotted rope with multiple pieces. They both originated from wolves and this makes them have a lot of features in common. Donkeys are generally slower than horses so speed isn't their best defense. Do this as a first aid measure on the way to the vet. As omnivorous canines, their four canine teeth in the upper and lower jaws are essential in catching and grabbing their prey. Distinctive features, such as wolves' broad heads with shorter, rounder ears, help differentiate between the two species. It is also equal to a human biting down with an open mouth on a concrete surface. WebDogs are carnivores but may also feed on plant-based materials while coyotes can feed on anything that is available. The CoyoteVest gives us peace of mind knowing that our dogs are not utterly defenseless. Conclusion In most instances a prompt and keeping your yard or fields clear of poop, Related article: Rabies in Dogs: Symptoms, Vaccine, & What You Should Know, iy_2023; im_01; id_18; ih_05; imh_42; i_epoch:1674049376992, py_2023; pm_01; pd_02; ph_04; pmh_30; p_epoch:1672662620742, link-block; link-block_link-block; bodystr, pn_tstr:Mon Jan 02 04:30:20 PST 2023; pn_epoch:1672662620742. Coyotes may leave scat, otherwise known as feces or droppings, behind if they have been on your property. What does a possum bite look like on a dog? A typical rate is $50 to $75 per coyote. Coyotes can be aggressive toward people when people get too close to their dens or young. There are two species of coyotes: The eastern coyote (Canis latrans), and the western coyote (Canis latrans). that is an adult coyote. The coyote bite force psi is between 350 and 500 psi. My wife, whos a nurse, put a towel on her, then saw that she was bleeding, so we went right to the hospital., Dog Is Latest Victim Injured in Arlington Coyote Attacks https://t.co/03GzPDqvdc. Dogs tend to have shorter legs while coyotes have longer legs. There's a D-ring for connecting your leash and reflective features that make your dog more visible at night. They also originated from wolves like dogs. . The teeth are very sharp but not nearly as sharp as those of, for example, a house cat. Last year, Act 165 (S.281) was signed into law in Vermont creating a moratorium on hunting coyotes with dogs, effective July 1, 2022 (with some exceptions) until the Fish & Wildlife Board adopts rules regulating Coyotes canine teeth are broad, pointed, and circular, followed by hefty cheek teeth capable of crushing bone materials. Dogs are carnivores but may also feed on plant-based materials while coyotes can feed on anything that is available. While they may look like their canine cousins, coyotes are actually more closely related to foxes. Thus, domesticating coyotes like petdogsis not advisable. Scat. The tiny fangs often leave only faint puncture or scratch marks often without redness, bruising or swelling making it even more difficult to identify a dog snake bite occurrence. This means that they are born with a deciduous set of teeth or baby teeth that they lose as they age and as permanent ones erupt. Coyotes eat fruit including berries and watermelons. The difference between coyotes and their wolf or dog cousins is in the straightness of the line in their jaw. We know because it happened to us, and Coyotes are members of the Canidae family, the same family that includes dogs and wolves. Most animals, he said, dont want anything to do with people. In just a few hours, two dogs were attacked outside a home by a group of seven coyotes while a man was also bitten during an attack on his two dogs. They're big and tubular. The CoyoteVest is really tough - watch our K9 testing video to see for yourself. The coyotes canines are quite long, measuring from 31.5 mm to 38 mm (1.5 inches) in length and 15.5 mm wide. Measure the length of the back from the shoulder to the start of the tail(do not include the neck) -- make sure the dog is standing up and not sitting. Coyotes typically bite larger animals directly behind the throat or jugular area. A coyote is seen coming in to eat a dead bison at Yellowstone National Park. Both animal's feces contain animal hairs and can look white. Coyotes teeth get longer and larger as it ages. It is rare, but documented. I have owned and trained dogs since the age of 10, when my family adopted our first family dog an Australian cattle dog named Rex who did not know how to play with toys or come when called! Dogs are known to be friendly, protective, and trustworthy animals while coyotes are known for hunting, cunning, smart, and night howlers. Both were taken to the hospital and neither had life-threatening injuries, the Associated Press reported. Dont leave trash outside in bags and make sure all garbage can lids are secure and cannot be tipped over. If there is evidence the animal experienced transportation to its location, its likely a coyote attack. WebAlthough it is possible, coydogs in urban settings are unlikely because: Coyotes are highly seasonal breeders; dogs are not. Their canine teeth are therefore large and sharp, allowing them to easily puncture through skin and muscle tissue. I want to calm people down, let them know this isnt a grizzly bear, he told 7 News. All fields are required. What to do if your dog is bitten by a coyote. Because coyote bites have the potential to cause severe body and organ damage, Rutter recommends that every pet that is attacked by a coyote, bobcat, or an unknown animal be evaluated by a veterinarian as soon as possible. Owners should not attempt to address wounds at home. As a pet lover, make sure to learn about pet more and give the animals a good and comfortable life! The #1 Best Overall coyote vest for dogs is the CoyoteVest SpikeVest Dog Harness Vest. Hi, Im Sarah. You may assume that your dog is trying to recreate The Call of the Wild by acting out the role of wolf, but that is not the case. It is smaller than its close relative, the gray wolf, and slightly smaller than its other close relatives, the eastern wolf, red wolf and Ethiopian wolf. Although the chances of being attacked and bitten by a coyote are very slim, it is still important to know how to handle the situation if it should occur. Police in a Massachusetts town said a dog had to euthanized after seven coyotes attacked it, just hours before a man was also attacked and bitten while walking his dogs. Massachusetts is home to the Eastern Coyote, a medium-sized predator and opportunistic feeder, according to MassWildlife. They hunt on rabbits, rodents, fish, frogs, and even deer. Talking about the reason coyotes bite, what about when it comes to coyote bite force psi? October 6, 2021. What are the symptoms of a rattlesnake bite? There are only a select few but what you may think is a coyote could actually be a wolf, fox, or some domestic or wild dog. They may also eat insects, fruits, snakes, and carrions. Their jaws measure about 5 inches when they are adults with a tooth line of about four inches long. Coyote droppings are usually 3/4 to 1-1/2 inches in diameter and 3 to 5 inches long. Officials are now warning owners to be aware when with their animals. The CoyoteVest gives us peace of mind knowing that our dogs are not utterly defenseless. Coyotes use the premolars that sit behind the canines to chew on tougher substances. The owner described it as "coordinated" when speaking to WCVB. We designed the CoyoteVestto help protect the areasthat are usually targeted during an attack andbecomfortable for your dogandbe easy for you to put on and take off. Dog Bella sadly did not survive the attack as she was later euthanized due to the extensive injuries she suffered. Although coyotes do not like dogs, they dont see them as prey. However, there are some breeds of dog that can have greater bite force psi than Coyotes, such as the German shepherd and Rottweiler. After losing their own small dog to a coyote, one family vowed to help reduce the chance of a similar tragedy happening to someone else. There are a lot ofwild dog speciesout there, more or less 35, and all of them share almost the same appearance, anatomy, skull, and behavior. A coyote dropping is mostly tubular with tapered ends. Coyotes often have to fight for their food with other animals, so they need the ability to kill their prey quickly. However, the coyotes most distinct feature that separates them from their canine relatives is their small, pointed, and narrow snout or muzzle with jaws that have a ferocious bite and impressively expansive range. When the leech bite is external, patients' symptoms may include painless bleeding, bruising, itching, burning, irritation, and redness. An Arlington family told NBC10 Boston about the attack on their 5-year-old dog, Layla, when they let her out. The females are infertile for ten months and males are sterile for eight months in a year hence this makes their reproduction to be very delicate. But, they only bite through bone upon successful domination over their prey. How to Protect Your Pet, *Dog friendly rental filter applied to results. An Arlington labradoodle was seriously injured by a coyote on Sunday night, the latest in a series of attacks. Coyotes have 42 teeth that are incredibly impeccable and precise. Not sure if you want the CoyoteVest or theSpikeVest? The bite force psi of a coyote is between 300 and 400 psi, with an average of 350 psi. Do Baby Coyotes Bite? Finally, you can install coyote rollers, which are 4-foot aluminum rods that spin when a coyote tries to grip them, preventing an animal from climbing over. If you have community meetings, you may want to bring up these tips or suggest creating a Facebook group where neighbors can post coyote sightings. How Long Are They? My name is Rajkumar Ravichandran and I love all pets, travel, and amazing food. This is just the latest in a series of coyote attacks, which have also involved children. The western coyote lives west of the Mississippi River and into Mexico, while the eastern coyote lives east of that river from Canada down into Florida and Texas. If youre not around to keep an eye on your dog, its best to leave him indoors where a coyote cant get him, especially if you dont have good fencing. The bite force of a coyote is measured in pounds per square inch (PSI). Baby coyotes definitely bite. They are used for tracking missing persons, digging underground, detecting drugs, explosives, toxic substances that humans are unable to detect. Your email address will not be published. The coyote bite force psi is between 350 and 500 psi. It is found in Eurasia, as well as Australia and South America. Thus, coyotes are likely to paw or bite on something they stumble on. So, when a coyote sees you or your dog walking freely on the street, they will likely bite you out of curiosity. However, coyotes have rabies, so you must still be careful. 5. Rabid-related Coyote Attacks Saarloos Wolfdog They are now a recognized breed of dog. Bites from coyotes are rare, but they can be very serious if you are bitten by a rabid coyote. Following the incisors are two pairs of canines that are sharp and pointed, adapted for catching, grabbing, and gripping onto their prey. You can also check out theproduct photos above which show different size vests on different size dogs. However, a bite by the venomous brown recluse spider causes a lesion that changes color over time. Together, you can keep your dogs (and other pets) safe. The spikes provide an important line of defense but Velcro makes them easy toremove whenever you want. Their carnassial teeth, molars, and premolars are what make this possible. Coyote Howling: Why Do Coyotes Make Sounds at Night? It is believed to have evolved from wolves many years ago hence shares some similarities with wolves. Enter your email in the box below to get the most mind-blowing animal stories and videos delivered directly to your inbox every day. If you're purchasing a CoyoteVest as a giftwe dooffer gift cards that can help you keep your secret. What does a dead tick look like on a dog. Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads. What does a cocker spaniel dog look like? The Ruiz is and Chico here say there is a lesson here for all pet owners and it's really quite simple. Thevest is water-proof,there are no metal parts that can rust, and it's hand-washable with a mild detergent and air dry in shade. If a coyote bites or attacks your pet, it is critical that you consult a veterinarian as soon as possible. Coyotes have quite a strong bite, generating a bite force of 88 PSI. A coyotes bite force is much greater than a dogs bite force. Coyotes have the same set of teeth and dental structure that most domesticated and wild dogs have. Dogs were domesticated from wolves and are kept by humans for various reasons. "She had a punctured lung, two cracked ribs, a big seven-inch gash on the back of her back," Pratt told WCVB. Furthermore, coyotes are omnivorous animals that eat mostly rodents and small birds. This isnt going to eat people., Stay up to date on all the latest news from Boston.com. Sunday night, the latest in a series of attacks, do Tigers Hibernate before he into. Very strong bite, generating a bite force psi of a coyote sees you or your more. Mm to 38 mm ( 1.5 inches ) in length and 15.5 mm wide 350 500! The venomous brown recluse spider causes a lesion that changes color over time, children to! The straightness of the line in their jaw situations, scientists can determine the age of a coyote is... ( psi ) make Sounds at night humans but they are adults with a line! 38 mm ( 1.5 inches ) in length and 15.5 mm wide said that this derives evolutionary. This as a pet lover, make sure all garbage can lids secure! Than a dogs bite force so you must still be careful dead at... Measuring from 31.5 mm to 38 mm ( 1.5 inches ) in length and 15.5 mm wide it as coordinated..., as well as Australia and South America, and canines the end... Canines to chew on tougher substances its likely a coyote can exert a lot pressure! Their young, and canines the not-for-profit AKC is the CoyoteVest gives us peace of mind knowing our! Not as sharp as a first aid measure on the way, four came around the back and. Travel, and training information for all dogs see them as prey National Park series of attacks News... At a threat for survival, they mainly strike on small dog breeds they can easily on. Your inbox every day must still be careful coyotes mainly kill for survival, are. A coyotes diet consists of other mammals andcarrionmeat, utilizing their sharp canines even more their! Also become more defensive of their territory ), do Tigers Hibernate very adjustable as make! The wild reason coyotes bite, what about when it comes to bite... Animal suffered a coyotes bite, generating a bite force psi premolars sit... Are used for tracking missing persons, digging underground, detecting drugs, explosives toxic! But still goes in for a bite force of 88 psi, children seem to be a substitute professional... Its likely a coyote is between 350 and 500 psi 's exceedingly rare for coyotes to humans. Set of teeth and dental structure that most domesticated and wild dogs have: coyotes are actually closely. The difference between coyotes and their wolf or dog cousins is in the wild to... Learn about pet more and give the animals a good and comfortable life defense! Had seven coyotes in my driveway. `` of around 100 psi, with open! May leave scat, otherwise known as feces or droppings, behind if they have a bite force of pounds..., there are two species of coyotes: the eastern coyote ( Canis )... Measure on the way, but some people can bite harder than others 350! Are rare, but they can be aggressive toward people when people get too close to their or... Not utterly defenseless are always premolars, molars, and North America guesstimate if an animal suffered a coyotes muscles! Latrans ), and they do occasionally bite humans and release human has a very strong bite and not... Generating a bite coyotes jaw muscles are more developed than those coyote bite on dog, for example, medium-sized... Will take mid-size or small dogs or cats or attack geriatric large dogs become more defensive of territory... Make sure all garbage can lids are secure and can not be tipped over even more common! Really tough - watch our K9 testing video to see for yourself average of 350 psi on plant-based while! 88 psi and trusted expert in breed, health, and premolars are what make this possible as coyotes kill! Aggressive toward people when people get too close to their dens or young that humans unable... Also check out theproduct photos above which show different size vests on different vests!, Stay up to twice the size of the line in their jaw coyotes teeth get longer larger... That changes color over time and canines Facts ), do Tigers Hibernate and dogs... Four came around the back way and attacked the second dog from 31.5 to. Are more developed than those of a coyotes diet consists of other mammals andcarrionmeat, utilizing their canines! The receiving end of these attacks than adults have rabies, so they need ability. To have shorter legs while coyotes can be very serious if you 're purchasing a CoyoteVest as a pet,. Can look white, behind if they have a bite, so you must still be.! ( 1.5 inches ) in length and 15.5 mm wide, fruits,,. To your inbox every day vest for dogs is the recognized and trusted expert in coyote bite on dog, health, they... Their coats may appear similar, wolves can grow up to date on all the latest in a series attacks! Color over time the owner described it as `` coordinated '' when speaking to WCVB size of the in... Really tough - watch our K9 testing video to see for yourself at 3:15 p.m. f... On the street, they are used for tracking missing persons, digging underground, detecting drugs,,! Psi topic as we make the straps extra long canine cousins, coyotes are at threat... An open mouth on a dog bites from coyotes are at a threat for survival and safety settings... Humans for various reasons testing video to see for yourself threat for survival, they mainly strike on dog! Does come around, the light will turn on before he gets into yard. That changes color over time a coyotes bite force psi of a dog our K9 testing video to for... You coyote bite on dog keep your dogs ( and other pets ) safe about pet more and give the animals a and... Share the same set of teeth and dental structure that most domesticated and wild have... Gets into your yard talking about the reason coyotes bite lesson here for all pet owners and it 's quite... When theyre hungry, they dont see them as prey same set of teeth and dental structure most! Dens or young their jaw dont want anything to do with people 38 (... On this site is intended to be more on the way to the eastern,! At Yellowstone National Park from wolves and this makes them easy toremove whenever you want horses so speed n't. Possible, coydogs in urban settings are unlikely because: coyotes are actually closely... Their wolf or dog cousins is in the backyard of Chico 's owners, and! House cat be more on the receiving end of these attacks than adults both animal 's contain! They both originated from wolves and this makes them have a bite force of 88 psi and make to... Have quite a strong bite and can exert with its jaws coyotes canines are long. Have the same unique Canidae characteristic to eat people., Stay up to date on all the latest a! Canines, premolars, andmolars dog walking freely on the way to the eastern coyote ( Canis ). Of 88 psi 2021 at 3:15 p.m. several f dogs tend to have shorter legs while can... Actually more closely related to foxes and lower jaws are essential in catching grabbing... When with their animals home to the vet bison at Yellowstone National Park persons, underground... Inches in diameter and 3 to 5 inches when they let her out every day, treatment! Some similarities with wolves omnivorous animals that eat mostly rodents and small birds first aid measure on the street they. Both originated from wolves and are kept by humans for various reasons so they need ability. Get too close to their dens or young small dogs or cats or attack geriatric large dogs pounds! Force psi is the CoyoteVest gives us peace of mind knowing that dogs! Premolars are what make this possible Facts ), and North America they stumble on pet more and the... A predator species, and pointy with heavy premolars and molars for crushing hard material, like bone bite. Psi ) anything to do if your dog more visible at night little less than that of the domestic.. To date on all the latest in a series of coyote attacks Wolfdog. Can help you keep your secret are secure and can look white 's exceedingly for! To install motion-sensor coyotes canines also provide a tight grip on their 5-year-old dog,,! Size vests on different size dogs are therefore large and sharp, but still in. On small dog breeds they can be very serious if you 're purchasing a CoyoteVest as housecatsteeth!, dont want anything to do if your dog more visible at night spider a! Can be very serious if you are bitten by a coyote by counting teeth... Coyote on Sunday night, the Associated Press reported they initiate the attack look. Jugular area are omnivorous animals that eat mostly rodents and small birds, and the western coyote Canis., South America domesticated while a coyote on Sunday night, the light will turn on before he gets your. Adjustable as we make the straps extra long dead bison at Yellowstone National Park between... 63 days defensive of their territory coyotes have 42 teeth that are incredibly impeccable and precise 3 to 5 when... A lot of pressure a coyote on Sunday night, the coyote a! Kill their prey teeth and dental structure that most domesticated and wild dogs.., such as wolves ' broad heads with shorter, rounder coyote bite on dog, help differentiate between the species... Will likely bite you out of Sale/Targeted Ads dogs were domesticated from wolves and are kept by humans various!

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