South Korean hospitals have advanced medical equipment and facilities readily available, ranking 4th for MRI units per capita and 6th for CT scanners per capita in the OECD. [154][155] In 2021, the fertility rate stood at just 0.81 children per woman. [210] Of the people who are affiliated with a religious organization, most are Christians and Buddhists. ", "At least 153 killed in crowd crush during Halloween festivities in Seoul", "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm", "Korea National Park Service official site", "Letter to Lee administration: Save the Songdo Tidal Flat", South Korea Boosts Renewable-Energy Investments by 60%, R&D status and prospects on fuel cells in Korea, Renewable Energy Policy Mechanisms by Paul Gipe, "Jobs come first in South Korea's ambitious 'Green New Deal' climate plan", "Moon vows to shut down 30 more coal plants to bring cleaner air and battle climate change", "Seoul City holds second Arisu Festival to show tap water is safe to drink", "Seoul Metropolitan Government "A Clean, Attractive & Global City, Seoul! There followed a series of massive public demonstrations from November 2016[117] and she was removed from office. Of the 1,412,800 vaccine doses,100% were donated through bilateral agreements. The Korean language in South Korea has a standard dialect known as the Seoul dialect (after the capital city), with an additional four dialects (Chungcheong, Gangwon, Gyeongsang, and Jeolla) and one language (Jeju) in use around the country. South Korea is a constitutional democracy. With the annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910 the colonial regime intervened in Korea's architectural heritage, and Japanese-style modern architecture was imposed. Since June, 2021 the United States has shared 1,412,800 safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine doses with the people of South Korea - free of cost. The United States has stationed a substantial contingent of troops to defend South Korea. It was not until the 1960s under the dictatorship of Park Chung-hee where South Korea's economy rapidly grew from industrialization and the Chaebol corporations such as Samsung and LG. [169] Fertility saw some modest increase afterwards,[170] but dropped to a new global low in 2017,[171] with fewer than 30,000 births per month for the first time since records began[172] and less than 1 child per woman in 2018. Boys' uniforms usually consist of trousers and white shirts, and girls wear skirts and white shirts (this only applies in middle schools and high schools). The president Moon Jae-in pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions which contribute to climate change to zero in 2050. Jeju is also the site of South Korea's highest point: Hallasan, an extinct volcano, reaches 1,950 meters (6,400 feet) above sea level. [11][12][13] It is a member of the OECD's Development Assistance Committee, the G20, the IPEF, and the Paris Club. [327] Excluding the workplace-based insured persons, all the other insured persons personally cover their own 9% contribution. Because of South Korea's tumultuous history, construction and destruction has been repeated endlessly, resulting in an interesting melange of architectural styles and designs. Furthermore, the Joseon government adopted a strict isolationist policy, earning the nickname "the hermit kingdom", but ultimately failed to protect itself against imperialism and was forced to open its borders. [292] Although it was severely harmed by the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the South Korean economy managed a rapid recovery and subsequently tripled its GDP. South Korea,[b] officially the Republic of Korea (ROK),[c] is a country in East Asia. Since the 1980s, the Korean government has invested in the development of a domestic biotechnology industry, and the sector is projected to grow to $6.5 billion by 2010. The United States participation was critical for preventing the near defeat of the Republic of Korea by northern forces, as well as fighting back for the territory gains that define the South Korean nation today. South Korea still uses some Chinese Hanja characters in limited areas, such as print media and legal documentation. companies announced plans to begin a series of projects in the U.S. over the next four years valued at $17.3 billion. has achieved a remarkably high level of economic growth and is now the United States' sixth-largest goods trading partner with a trillion-dollar economy. Goguryeo, the largest and most powerful among them, was a highly militaristic state,[39] and competed with various Chinese dynasties during its 700 years of history. It has participated in most major conflicts that the United States has been involved in the past 50 years. In the aftermath of the 1988 Seoul Olympics, South Korea has witnessed a wide variation of styles in its architectural landscape due, in large part, to the opening up of the market to foreign architects. Roman Catholics increased significantly between the 1980s and the 2000s, but declined throughout the 2010s. Japanese rule ended following Japan's surrender in World War II, after which Korea was divided into two zones; a northern zone occupied by the Soviet Union and a southern zone occupied by the United States. Korean art has been highly influenced by Buddhism and Confucianism, which can be seen in the many traditional paintings, sculptures, ceramics and the performing arts. [106] On 10 June, the Catholic Priests Association for Justice revealed the incident, igniting the June Democratic Struggle across the country. [185], Higher education is a serious issue in South Korean society, where it is viewed as one of the fundamental cornerstones of South Korean life. [405], Seoul hosted a professional triathlon race, which is part of the International Triathlon Union (ITU) World Championship Series in May 2010. Type Of Government. To the surprise of Rusk and Bonesteel, the Soviets accepted their proposal and agreed to divide Korea.[94]. There are approximately 28,500 U.S. military personnel stationed in South Korea,[275] most of them serving one year unaccompanied tours. Christianity's similarity to native religious narratives has been studied as another factor that contributed to its success in the peninsula. South Korea ranked number 10 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, up from 11 in 2013. [322] The national pension covers employees who work in firms that employ five or more employees, fishermen, farmers, and the self-employed in both rural and urban areas. [330] Aside from placing/receiving calls and text messaging, mobile phones in the country are widely used for watching Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) or viewing websites. [citation needed] Silla was the smallest and weakest of the three, but it used cunning diplomatic means to make opportunistic pacts and alliances with the more powerful Korean kingdoms, and eventually Tang China, to its great advantage.[51][52]. [400][401] The Korea Professional Baseball league, a 10-team circuit, was established in 1982. [235] [217] It soon became a dominant religion in the southeastern kingdom of Silla, the region that hitherto hosts the strongest concentration of Buddhists in South Korea. [361] The medical sector accounts for a large part of the production, including production of hepatitis vaccines and antibiotics. Several Korean players have gone on to play in Major League Baseball. Elections take place every five years to elect the President and the members of the national assembly. There has been long-term agreement between the United States and South Korea that South Korea should eventually assume the lead for its own defense. In October, the Soviet Union declared Kim Il-sung's government as sovereign over both parts. South Korea had the fastest internet connectivity globally in 2017. Until the 1990s, trot and traditional Korean folk based ballads dominated South Korean popular music. [225] Despite mutual animosity, reconciliation efforts have continued since the initial separation between North and South Korea. It ranks nineteenth globally by Human Development Index, and has the third-highest life expectancy in the world. [202][203] Former South Korean hagwon teacher Se-Woong Koo wrote that the South Korean education system amounts to child abuse and that it should be "reformed and restructured without delay". There also is an 'active old-age pension' scheme that covers individuals age 60 to 65 engaged in activities yielding earned income. South Korea has a presidential system governed by a directly-elected president and a unicameral legislature, the National Assembly, in which various political parties Cabinet members are accountable only to the president. As Lelang commandery was destroyed and rebuilt around this time, the place gradually moved toward Liaodong. Historical dramas have included Faith, Dae Jang Geum, The Legend, Dong Yi, Moon Embracing the Sun, Sungkyunkwan Scandal, Iljimae and Kingdom. [237], Historically, Korea had close relations with the dynasties in China, and some Korean kingdoms were members of the Imperial Chinese tributary system. Coordinator for the Arctic Region, Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources, Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance, Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation, Under Secretary for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights, Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration, Office of International Religious Freedom, Office of the Special Envoy To Monitor and Combat Antisemitism, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Office of the Science and Technology Adviser, Bureau of the Comptroller and Global Financial Services, Bureau of Information Resource Management, Office of Management Strategy and Solutions, Bureau of International Organization Affairs, Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs, Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, U.S. [289] The South Korean economy is heavily dependent on international trade, and in 2014, South Korea was the fifth-largest exporter and seventh-largest importer in the world. Fuel production and waste handling technologies have also been developed locally. EU trade with South Korea exceeded 90 billion in 2015 and has enjoyed an annual average growth rate of 9.8% between 2003 and 2013. Photos and Videos National anthem of South Korea See All Videos, Images and Audio Previous exceptions for South Korean citizens of mixed race no longer apply since 2011.[267]. There are many official public holidays in South Korea. [36][37][38], During the period known as the ProtoThree Kingdoms of Korea, the states of Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye and Samhan occupied the whole Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria. The Korean kingdoms also ruled over some Chinese kingdoms including the Khitan people and the Manchurians before the Qing dynasty and received tributes from them. South Korea is a regional power and a highly developed country, with its economy being ranked as the world's thirteenth-largest by nominal GDP and the fourteenth-largest by GDP (PPP). [230] North and South Korea are still technically at war (having never signed a peace treaty after the Korean War) and share the world's most heavily fortified border. Traditional architecture can be seen in the palaces and temples, preserved old houses called hanok,[377] and special sites like Hahoe Folk Village, Yangdong Village of Gyeongju and Korean Folk Village. After the war's end in 1953, the country entered into a military alliance with the U.S., and its devastated economy began to soar, recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990. The schedules are not uniformly standardized and vary from school to school. It has local governments that are granted autonomy and have their executive and legislative branches. It incorporates a significant number of loan words from Chinese. Its total area is 100,032 square kilometers (38,622.57sqmi). After normalizing relations with the new Qing dynasty, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace. [156] The country is noted for its population density, which was an estimated 505 per square kilometer in 2015,[152] more than 10 times the global average. Today, South Korea has about 7 million Buddhists,[209] most of them affiliated to the Jogye Order. In 1949, the U.S. established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Korea. [89] The prevailing ideology of the time was Neo-Confucianism, which was epitomized by the seonbi class: nobles who passed up positions of wealth and power to lead lives of study and integrity. "Seoul: S Korea looks forward to its own party,". Many K-pop acts have also been able to secure a strong overseas following using online social media platforms such as the video sharing website YouTube. Korean is the official language of South Korea, and is classified by most linguists as a language isolate. South Korea and Japan eventually signed the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea in 1965 to establish diplomatic ties. [241] South Korea is also China's fourth largest trading partner, with $93 billion of Chinese imports in 2016. [33][35] In 108 BCE, the Han dynasty defeated Wiman Joseon and installed four commanderies in the northern Korean peninsula. [115], South Korea saw another milestone in 2012 with the first ever female president Park Geun-hye elected and assuming office. During the first 20 years of South Korea's growth surge, little effort was made to preserve the environment. [112] However, South Korean and Japanese relations later soured because of conflicting claims of sovereignty over the Liancourt Rocks. Goryeo was never conquered by the Mongols, but exhausted after three decades of fighting, the Korean court sent its crown prince to the Yuan capital to swear allegiance to Kublai Khan, who accepted, and married one of his daughters to the Korean crown prince. Other major cities include Busan (3.5 million), Incheon (3.0 million), Daegu (2.5 million), Daejeon (1.4 million), Gwangju (1.4 million) and Ulsan (1.1 million). [212] Overall, between the 2005 and 2015 censuses, there has been a slight decline of Christianity (down from 29% to 27.6%), a sharp decline of Buddhism (down from 22.8% to 15.5%), and a rise of the unaffiliated population (from 47.2% to 56.9%).[209]. R.O.K. [294] Its economic growth rate reached 6.2 percent in 2010 (the fastest growth for eight years after significant growth by 7.2 percent in 2002),[295] a sharp recovery from economic growth rates of 2.3% in 2008 and 0.2% in 2009 during the Great Recession. Although it was again returned to Korea along with the rest of its territory in 1951 with the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco, Japan does not recant on its claims that the Liancourt Rocks are Japanese territory. South Korea is unitary. [349] However, the third launch of the Naro 1 in January 2013 was successful. An official website of the United States Government, History of U.S. Relations With South Korea, Office of the U.S. Trade Representative Country Page, Office of the U.S. The close relationship began directly after World War II, when the United States temporarily administrated Korea for three years (mainly in the South, with the Soviet Union engaged in North Korea) after Japan. [379], Korean architecture entered a new phase of development during the post-Korean War reconstruction, incorporating modern architectural trends and styles. [409], Domestic horse racing events are also followed by South Koreans and Seoul Race Park in Gwacheon, Gyeonggi-do is located closest to Seoul out of the country's three tracks.[410]. [d]The country's western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. [194][198], The system's rigid and hierarchical structure has been criticized for stifling creativity and innovation;[199][200] described as intensely and "brutally" competitive,[201] the system is often blamed for the high suicide rate in the country, particularly the growing rates among those aged 1019. In November 2010 Yeonpyeong island was attacked by a significant North Korean artillery barrage, with 4 people dying. The South Korean Air Force operates 840 aircraft, making it world's ninth largest air force, including several types of advanced fighters like F-15K, heavily modified KF-16C/D,[269] and the indigenous T-50 Golden Eagle,[270][271] supported by well-maintained fleets of older fighters such as F-4E and KF-5E/F that still effectively serve the air force alongside the more modern aircraft. [301] Other international airports include Gimpo, Busan and Jeju. This was followed by 13 months of political instability as South Korea was led by a weak and ineffectual government. [369] Korean pottery and porcelain, such as Joseon's baekja and buncheong, and Goryeo's celadon are well known throughout the world. There are many significant regional dishes that have proliferated in different variations across the country in the present day. There are also many airports that were built as part of the infrastructure boom but are barely used. It is also a member of the ITER project. The country has also been a member of the United Nations since 1991, when it became a member state at the same time as North Korea. [133], The green-based economic strategy is a comprehensive overhaul of South Korea's economy, utilizing nearly two percent of the national GDP. Both North and South Korea claim complete sovereignty over the entire peninsula and outlying islands. . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. According to the 2005 census, Seoul had a population of 10 million inhabitants. [180][181] The country is well known for its highly feverish outlook on education, where its national obsession with education has been called "education fever". Over the past several decades, the Republic of Korea (R.O.K.) [30][31] The history of Korea begins with the founding of Joseon (also known as "Gojoseon", or Old Joseon, to differentiate it with the 14th century dynasty) in 2333BCE by Dangun, according to Korea's foundation mythology. There are large-scale flows of manufactured goods, agricultural products, services, and technology between the two countries. There is a major cultural taboo in South Korean society attached to those who have not achieved formal university education, where those who do not hold university degrees face social prejudice and are often looked down by others as second-class citizens. [123], On 29 October 2022, at least 153 people were crushed to death when a crowd surged in an alleyway during Halloween festivities in Seoul's Itaewon district. [182][183][184] This obsession with education has catapulted the resource-poor nation consistently atop the global education rankings. [313], South Korea is not allowed to enrich uranium or develop traditional uranium enrichment technology on its own, because of US political pressure,[315] unlike most major nuclear powers such as Japan, Germany, and France, competitors of South Korea in the international nuclear market. The U.S. troops, which are primarily ground and air units, are assigned to USFK and mainly assigned to the Eighth United States Army of the U.S. Army and Seventh Air Force of the U.S. Air Force. Eligibility for the national pension scheme is not dependent on income but on age and residence, where those between the ages of 18 to 59 are covered. [274] Beginning in 2001, South Korea had so far deployed 24,000 troops in the Middle East region to support the War on Terrorism. [328] Basic old-age pension schemes covered individuals 65 years of age who earned below an amount set by presidential order. [137], In 2017, South Korea was the world's seventh largest emitter of carbon emissions and the fifth largest emitter per capita. [110] However, because of discontent among the population for fruitless approaches to the North under the previous administrations and, amid North Korean provocations, a conservative government was elected in 2007 led by President Lee Myung-bak, former mayor of Seoul. In 1910, Japan began a 35-year period of colonial rule over Korea. [340], South Korea's government maintains a broad-ranging approach toward the regulation of specific online content and imposes a substantial level of censorship on election-related discourse and on many websites that the government deems subversive or socially harmful. Japan is today South Korea's third largest trading partner, with 12% ($46 billion) of exports in 2016. The lack of a strong response to these attacks from both South Korea and the international community (the official UN report declined to explicitly name North Korea as the perpetrator for the Cheonan sinking) caused significant anger with the South Korean public. Among Christian denominations, Presbyterianism is the largest. The U.S. government estimates the total population at 51.7 million (midyear 2021). Aside from micro-states and city-states, South Korea is the world's third most densely-populated country. [119] His tenure saw an improving political relationship with North Korea, some increasing divergence in the military alliance with the United States, and the successful hosting of the Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang. It is the country's largest island, with an area of 1,845 square kilometers (712 square miles). South Korea National Statistical Office's 19th Population and Housing Census (2015): A Brief History of the US-Korea Relations Prior to 1945. In 1988, South Korea hosted the Summer Olympics in Seoul, coming fourth with 12 gold medals, 10 silver medals, and 11 bronze medals. [d] The country's western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. South Korea has four distinct seasons; spring, summer, autumn and winter. Seoul hosted the Olympic Games in 1988, widely regarded as successful and a significant boost for South Korea's global image and economy. [402] In the 2008 Summer Olympics, South Korea won the gold medal in baseball. [146] Under its current constitution the state is sometimes referred to as the Sixth Republic of South Korea. South Korea is a transit point for Southeast Asian fishermen subjected to forced labor on fishing ships bound for Fiji and other ports in the Pacific. South Korea regularly performs well in archery, shooting, table tennis, badminton, short track speed skating, handball, field hockey, freestyle wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling, baseball, judo, taekwondo, speed skating, figure skating, and weightlifting. Major cities including Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Daegu, Daejeon and Gwangju have urban rapid transit systems. However, in 1392, General Yi Seong-gye, who had been ordered to attack China, turned his army around and staged a coup. The South Korean pension system was created to provide benefits to persons reaching old age, families and persons stricken with death of their primary breadwinner, and for the purposes of stabilizing its nation's welfare state. [126] South Korea is home to three terrestrial ecoregions: Central Korean deciduous forests, Manchurian mixed forests, and Southern Korea evergreen forests.[127]. [327] Around 60% of all Korean elders, age 65 and over are entitled to a 5% benefit of their past average income at an average of 90,000 Korean Won (KRW). [citation needed], The South Korean Navy has made its first major transformation into a blue-water navy through the formation of the Strategic Mobile Fleet, which includes a battle group of Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin class destroyers, Dokdo class amphibious assault ship, AIP-driven Type 214 submarines, and King Sejong the Great class destroyers, which is equipped with the latest baseline of Aegis fleet-defense system that allows the ships to track and destroy multiple cruise missiles and ballistic missiles simultaneously, forming an integral part of South Korea's indigenous missile defense umbrella against the North Korean military's missile threat.[268]. Regarded as successful and a significant number of loan words from Chinese 51.7 million ( midyear 2021 ) [ ]. 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