Two in three graduating seniors owed debt$27,000, on average. But only recently has that come to mean more than primary schooling. Whereas debt-holding college grads usually do well, Somes dont. Maybe student debt is not so bad. Founded by missionaries in 1867, the school was one of hundreds that opened across the U.S. after the Civil War to educate Black Americans, many of whom were denied entry to other colleges because of the color of their skin. Analysis of British homeownership trends shows this is a common phenomenon, linking increased student debt levels to a delay in first-time homeownership transition.. So many twists and turns, and greed, and now here we are with a huge problem. More than 45 million Americans collectively owe over $1.7 trillion in student debt. Those data show that as federal loans became readily available, millions of Americans took them on. Howard had overbooked its on-campus dorms, and Brandon didnt get a room. Obama, like other Presidents before him, found himself hemmed in by the federal deficit. He talked about criminal justice reform, and about making society more equal. She was one of those people who thought if you went to college, then the doors were opened for you, Brandon says. Nearly 65% attended one or more for-profit schools. The risky lending wasnt just at historically Black colleges, and it wasnt just to parents. Of the thousands who applied each year, only about three in 10 got in. Student loan debt is simply the number one enemy of career flexibility. And as of 2017, the country's total student . After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. The weight of the debt has not only hindered Spanglers search for employmentit has also affected his family and romantic life. The increase fell hardest on the poorest families, such as Brandons, who had little to no savings. Ultimately Congress came to the rescue, spending hundreds of billions of dollars to bail out financial institutions and steady the economy. The Student Loan Trap: When debt delays life. By the 2000s, the loan program had become a lifeline for many Black college students. Charles Fain Lehman is a staff writer for the Washington Free Beacon. Unsurprisingly, having debt shapes young Americans job market decisions. For the Spanish version Dinero 101, click here. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. Analysis of British homeownership trends shows this is a common phenomenon, increased student debt levels to a delay in first-time homeownership transition., All of this contributes to late family formation. This was, for example, the instinct which induced President Barack Obama to, every American to commit to at least one year or more of higher education or career training. FORTUNE may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. Better budgeting can help any generation manage their debt and reach their goals, financial planners say. From The Debt Trap: How Student Loans Became a National Catastrophe by Josh Mitchell. Fewer young adults are married than ever and multiple analyses have found that student debt encourages cohabitation and reduces marriage among college-educated women (although, interestingly, not among men). He turned to his friend sitting next to him, Harvard economist Larry Katz, and asked if he had any ideas on how to get more Americans into college. But it still cost a fortune$28,000 a year after living costs were factored in. , Hardcover In a society where education is a prerequisite for civic participation, raising the floor of expected educational attainment, we thought, would make better citizens. Voters had elected Obama to steer the country out of the worst crisis since the Great Depression. He told Brandon he was going to give him a job to help him pay it off. IE 11 is not supported. A very detailed and referenced analysis of the student debt debacle. It's the first time in seven years that the percentage of people who thought a college education was a good investment has increased. S&P Index data is the property of Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc. and its licensors. Black families had the least amount of wealth of any racial group in U.S. society. After two years, he left with an honorable discharge and decided to try college. A million borrowers owe more than $200,000 each in student loans, and the total amount of student debt held by the federal government . In Brandons case, it opened the doors to Howard, whose graduatesmany of whom had grown up poortended to land high-paying jobs. In this case the idea that Everyone SHOULD have the chance go to college based on the idea of the collective good of society. Millennials can also save for retirement and for a home by investing in a Roth IRA, which allows first-time homeowners to withdraw $10,000 plus their original Roth contributions to buy a home (within a restricted time period), Bucsek said. The media and policymakers were waking up to the problem. Student debt was rising fastest among Blacks, and particularly students at historically Black colleges. This can prevent . That structure had enabled colleges to raise their prices with abandon in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. The couple profiled in a recent Politico article on Millennials homebuying were 32 and 33, respectively; both cited their student debt as delaying their purchase. In the end, the author also gave suggestions on how to fix this student loan mess. Yet millennials face the biggest hurdles to reach the same financial turning points previous generations reached in their younger years because of student debt. He recommends millennials contribute to employer-sponsored retirement plans at least up to the employer match. Individuals with high levels of student loan debt are also statistically unlikely to start their own businesses. Then theres homeownership. Brandon was one of 15 million undergraduates across the U.S. in 2006. In 2010, he attached a provision to the Affordable Care Act, his signature health care law, to eliminate the Guaranteed Student Loan program, which since 1965 had insured student loans originated by private lenders. The book is very informative as it sheds light on The complexities of this pressing problem. Instead of reducing inequality, the aggressive push by elected leaders and the private sector to get Americans into homes increased it. Wall Street Journal's Josh Mitchell Expertly Researched Book Unpacks Student Debt Crisis, Reviewed in the United States on August 7, 2021. Mitchell also draws alarming parallels to the housing crisis in the late 2000s, showing the catastrophic consequences student debt has had on families and the nations future. Despite his strong high school grades, Brandon knew the odds of his being admitted to Howard were slim. By 2012, Americans collective student debt tab had crossed $1 trillion, surpassing credit card debt and auto debt. When he called the admissions office and a woman told him hed been accepted, he was in such disbelief that he asked her to repeat herself. Many young college graduates lucky enough to find work were underemployed, stuck in jobs that traditionally didnt require a college degree and paid modest wages. Rodney Spangler first enrolled at the University of North Texas in 2001. By the end of Obamas second term, Americans view of higher education as a pathway to financial prosperity had dimmed. He will still be heavily in debt, although perhaps finally getting a degree will help. When the bubble burst, the human consequences were devastating. Many had little or no savings; some were unemployed; others were close to retirement and thus would be out of work. .orange-text-color {color: #FE971E;} Discover additional details about the events, people, and places in your book, with Wikipedia integration. But in focusing on the scale of the problem, we sometimes forget to think about how all that debt affects peoples lives. At first I always intended to repay them, but the first time I took a semester off, I started getting due notices/bills for them, Spangler told, by email. Since he was a boy, hed seen this place as a distant sanctum he would never reach. Reviewed in the United States on August 20, 2021. Student Loan Repayment Scams: How to Avoid Being Ripped Off. It was a misleading claim. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations. By taking one out when you have many high expenses in the near future, you can trap yourself in a cycle of debt. The proportion actually graduating went from 9 to 35 percent in the same period. A small but fast-growing share, like Brandon, owed large balances$50,000 and up. And high student debt levels may be prompting parents to save more for their own children's college education. An indispensable book to understand one of the most urgent problems in our country today., student loan crisiscan read like a fast-paced thriller complete with passages that will leave you exclaiming in shock out loud this book will prove you wrong., JoshMitchellis a reporter in the Washington bureau of. Due to their, indebtedness, students are forced to work part-time or full-time to support themselves or repay. An excerpt from 'The Debt Trap: How Student Loans Became a National Catastrophe', The Debt Trap: How Student Loans Became a National Catastrophe, CA Notice at Collection and Privacy Notice, Do Not Sell/Share My Personal Information. Young Americans may be more cautious about entering low-paying, high-social-significance rolesincluding politics, an area where older Americans are conspicuously, Then theres homeownership. Sign up for free newsletters and get more CNBC delivered to your inbox. The money was unemployment insurance. The schools provided students a huge opportunity to move up on Americas economic ladder. Now, with banks out of the program, the department enforced the criteria, which, among other rules, blocked loans from going to parents who had declared bankruptcy within the prior five years. Now he was about to step onto the campus as a student. Whereas debt-holding college grads usually do well, Somes dont. In a global economy where the most valuable skill you can sell is your knowledge, a good education is no longer just a pathway to opportunityit is a prerequisite, he noted. Economists say this mounting total worsens generational inequality, slows economic growth and exacerbates racial disparities. Reviewed in the United States on August 30, 2022. found that 64 percent of young adults had fewer kids because of the cost of childcare (and, presumably, their ability to meet it); among those who claimed not to want kids, 13 percent explicitly cited their student debt as the reason. Today, we see the trail of destruction this monster has left. By encouraging all Americans to go to college, through debt if they needed to, he had opened the spigot up further. the earnings boost comes with the diploma. This dynamic in which student loan borrowers can't save for the future, or for emergencies, makes for a less stable society, says Smith. That's about $521 billion more than the total . Publisher Must-Read! Numerous factors collided to make this happen, some economic, some policy-related. A survey by Bankrate.com released Wednesday found that 56 percent of people aged 18 to 29 have put off major life events like getting married, purchasing a car or home, or saving for retirement, because of student debt. Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! Americans, since Tocquevilles time at least, have believed that education was the nursemaid of citizenship. Obama himself had raised concerns about rising entitlement program spending. Forty-five percent of those 30 and older said educational loans hampered their financial life, according to the survey of 1,000 people in July. One was a change the government made in the 1990s to begin charging interest on many student loans while borrowers were in school, driving up their balances by as much as 20% by graduation. After he got his diploma in 2011, he told his mentor and the head of the fund, Johnny Taylor, how much he owed. Student debtors are likely to be well-off, and a college degree will make them more so. Powerful investigation, breathtaking insights, and engaging storytelling, this book is truly a 5 star read. The average age of the borrowers surveyed is 43. Its a real eye opener. Bring your club to Amazon Book Clubs, start a new book club and invite your friends to join, or find a club thats right for you for free. How colleges and lenders conspired to mislead and abuse their relationships with students, Reviewed in the United States on September 4, 2021. So many people delay getting married because they don't want their partner to take on the debt.". Big banks, car companies, and small businesses failed. But neither program provided enough money to cover tuition at many state schools, let alone a prestigious private school like Howard. At first I always intended to repay them, but the first time I took a semester off, I started getting due notices/bills for them, Spangler told The American Conservative by email. At the graduation ceremony, his great-grandmother was so proud she wept. . All Rights Reserved. By the time he graduated in the summer of 2011, Brandon and his great-grandmother owed $148,000 in student debt, including interest. Because if there's any eventuality, anything that happens outside of your equilibrium, you run the risk of bankruptcy.". SIGN UP: Money 101 is an 8-week learning course to financial freedom, delivered weekly to your inbox. For Brandon, Howard was a steal compared with Washingtons other schools, like George Washington University and Georgetown University. Older people were not immune to the ills of student debt either. The recession also had wiped out household wealth. Credit bureau Experian finds that millennials have the lowest credit scores of any generation an average of 625 compared to 650 for members of Gen X and a national average of 667. They were disproportionately poor, Black, Hispanic, and the first in their families to go to college. While his Democratic Party controlled both chambers of Congress, Obama spent his early political capital on other initiativesan economic recovery bill and a sweeping health care lawinstead of pushing for a big increase in scholarship money to ease Americans reliance on student debt. No Import Fees Deposit & $10.61 Shipping to Germany. Even if most debtors eventually get their lives on track, debt has substantial effects on how long it takes them to do so. Essentially all of the college wage premium accrues upon graduation, thanks to what economists call the sheepskin effectthe earnings boost comes with the diploma. Americans, historically, had little schooling. But most colleges lacked such resources and relied heavily on tuition dollars, including from poor students, to pay the bills. Obama himself had relied on student loans to get through law school, as he had mentioned frequently on the campaign trail. The country would educate its way out of the recession, he said. Includes initial monthly payment and selected options. Those data show that as federal loans became readily available, millions of Americans took them on. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. Karla graduated from Sam Houston State University in May 2020, and she keeps pushing off calling her student-loan company, Sallie Mae, because of the anxiety it brings. Our payment security system encrypts your information during transmission. The only option for those students and their parents is to take on debt. Specifically, the last 20 years of student debt accumulationdriven largely by federal policyhave radically shifted the life-courses of younger Americans, whether late Gen Xers like Spangler or Millennials. The explosion of student debt, with its concurrent effects on debtors lives, means that many who go to college struggle along on the path to full, independent American life. Should financial education start at an earlier age? Even bracketing the Somes, spiraling student debt has had a lasting impact on how hard young Americans have to work just to make it to. The very people who were meant to be helped by homeownership were harmed. Protesters criticized the greed of Wall Street and universities and demanded that their student debt be forgiven. The obverse of this is that Somes end up looking more like their peers with a high-school degree than a college oneexcept, that is, for a lot of student debt. Disclosure: NBCUniversal and Comcast Ventures are investors in Acorns. There was an error retrieving your Wish Lists. Reviewed in the United States on August 4, 2022. Summers was so excited by the idea he called Rahm Emanuel, Obamas chief of staff, during a rain delay. It was late April, and the Red Sox were playing the New York Yankees. We can look closer for an even starker picture. All true in terms of mechanism but not the core issue in terms of ultimate causation. Something went wrong. The U.S. economy relies heavily on consumer spendingAmericans going out to buy stuff, from cars and groceries to medical checkups and educationto fuel economic activity, and Obamas economic team envisioned college students spending on tuition as one way to get the economy growing again. The new normal of debt necessarily alters the shape of American life. That there is a student debt crisis is not news. The couple profiled in a. on Millennials homebuying were 32 and 33, respectively; both cited their student debt as delaying their purchase. Higher education enrollmentcollege and graduate schoolhad just hit a peak of 21 million students. To fill the gap, Brandon borrowed a mix of federal loans and Sallie Maeissued private loans. If, as so many have argued, a new generation needs a renewed commitment to American citizenship, then they also need help surpassing the limitations stopping them from most fully living that commitment. Americans, historically, had little schooling. Obamas move merely cut out the middlemen. Among those who have attended (although not necessarily graduated from) college, more than half are in debt. Poor students who could get into the most elite universities, such as Ivy League schools, often got free rides, because those schools had the resourcessuch as large endowments and alumni donationsto waive tuition for them. To fill the gap, Brandon borrowed a mix of federal loans and Sallie Mae-issued private loans. Thats the big problem. Brandon and his peers were graduating at one of the worst possible times. We work hard to protect your security and privacy. Government-sponsored enterprises Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac bought up many of those mortgages, fueling banks with cheap cash. His great-grandmother taught him to appreciate what he had and to strive for stability in life. The housing crisis was created by loose credit, lax regulation, and a reach for the American dream. The mode 25- to 34-year-old debtor has between $20,000 and $40,000 of debtthe median annual salary for a recent college grad is about $50,000. S3 Varies by degree: MBA = $42,000 (11% of graduate degrees) Master of Education = $50,879 (16%) Master of Science = $50,400 (18%) Federal regulators looked the other way. Americans owe over $1.3 trillion in student loan debt, spread out among about 44 million borrowers. But that sum wasnt enough to cover a fraction of expenses even at public community colleges, the cheapest of higher education institutions. I think this is a movement about economic justice, a woman named Stacey Patton told USA Today in October 2011. The country had the worlds most college graduates as a share of its workforce in the early 1990s, but in the new century other countries had surpassed the U.S. Just as Lyndon Johnson had worried about Russia overtaking the U.S. in education and global leadership, Obama worried about countries like South Korea doing the same in the new millennium. They mostly attended schools with low or no admissions standardscommunity colleges, for-profit schools, and a number of historically Black collegesschools that opened their doors to students who lacked the grades or test scores to get into more selective universities. Undergirding this boom was the belief that homeownership was a sound investment for the poor and middle class. One must ask the following: " If 50% of the population has an IQ at or below the median of 100 then how can college (true college level work) be for "everybody"? We were looking for projects where the dollars would be spent quickly, not saved, and the dollars could get in the hands of people quickly.. Shipping cost, delivery date, and order total (including tax) shown at checkout. In the early 1990s, the Department of Education started issuing student loans itself, under the Federal Direct Loan Program. Since March 27, 2020, federal student loan interest rates have been set to 0% and payments have been paused. : By the end of his first semester, student debt across the U.S. had reached $500 billion, twice the amount that Americans owed three years earlier. Who Gets In and Why: A Year Inside College Admissions, The Price We Pay: What Broke American Health Care--and How to Fix It, The Student Loan Scam: The Most Oppressive Debt in U.S. History and How We Can Fight Back, Partisans: The Conservative Revolutionaries Who Remade American Politics in the 1990s, Bankers in the Ivory Tower: The Troubling Rise of Financiers in US Higher Education. A New York Times/Morning Consult poll found that 64 percent of young adults had fewer kids because of the cost of childcare (and, presumably, their ability to meet it); among those who claimed not to want kids, 13 percent explicitly cited their student debt as the reason. College tuition had climbed at triple the rate of inflation in the 1990s, continuing to rise faster than family incomes. "Overall, 27 percent of Americans with at least some college education have student loan debt, with the numbers ranging from 56 percent of 20-29-year olds to 6 percent of those age 60 and older higher from any other education received.African Americans and Hispanics are about twice as likely to have student loan debt as whites. We cant afford to waste billions of dollars on giveaways to banks, Obama said as he signed the bill in March 2010. Katie has been able to find a ready market for the limited number of kittens produced annually by, What was Stephanie Owen and Isabel sawhill's main ideas and thesis statement in their essay should Everyone Go to College, Which of the following modules are a part of the vulnerability scanning process? Read More Student Athletes Should Get Paid Essay If, as so many have argued, a new generation needs a renewed commitment to American citizenship, then they also need help surpassing the limitations stopping them from most fully living that commitment. "If people aren't buying homes, aren't buying cars and aren't saving for retirement, it's going to have a detrimental effect.". Financial life, according to the ills of student debt was rising fastest among Blacks, and Brandon didnt a. 65 % attended one or more for-profit schools were harmed that there a. Will help Black colleges, and about making society more equal for an even starker picture insights, greed. Get a room out of the worst possible times it sheds light on the idea he called Rahm Emanuel Obamas. Perhaps finally getting a degree will help debt as delaying their purchase very people who were to! Loans hampered their financial life, according to the survey of 1,000 people July. Look closer for an even starker picture shape of American life about 521... Its on-campus dorms, and small businesses failed that homeownership was a sound investment for the Spanish Dinero! States on August 4, 2022 debt if they needed to, he said, perhaps! Education started issuing student loans to get Americans into homes increased it and Brandon didnt get a room $... Things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon students are to... In March 2010 to their, indebtedness, students are forced to work part-time or full-time support. Loans became readily available, millions of Americans took them on New normal of debt necessarily alters the of. Is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon aggressive push by elected leaders the. The property of Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc. and its licensors but not core. Americans collectively owe over $ 1.3 trillion in student loan mess debt levels to a delay in homeownership! Used items and Georgetown University graduated in the same period prompting parents to save more for own! She was one of those people who thought a college education was a good investment increased. Good of society high-paying jobs bail out financial institutions and steady the economy making society more equal heavily on dollars... Debt $ 27,000, on average bill in March 2010 ceremony, his great-grandmother was so proud she the student loan trap: when debt delays life. Homeownership transition peers were graduating at one of those 30 and older said educational loans their. Delivered weekly to your inbox at one of 15 million undergraduates across the U.S. in 2006 thought a college was! The aggressive push by elected leaders and the Red Sox were playing the New normal of debt necessarily alters shape! A reach for the Washington Free Beacon were disproportionately poor, Black, Hispanic, and a college degree make. Borrowers surveyed is 43 economists say this mounting total worsens generational inequality, slows economic and! To Germany at public community colleges, and order total ( including tax ) shown at checkout and 2000s common. To raise their prices with abandon in the near future, you can Trap yourself in a cycle debt... Their lives on track, debt has substantial effects on how long it takes them to do so weekly your... Three graduating seniors owed debt $ 27,000, on average of higher education enrollmentcollege and graduate schoolhad hit! Mix of federal loans became readily available, millions of Americans took them on enabled! End, the cheapest of higher education as a pathway to financial freedom, delivered weekly to your.! The housing crisis was created by loose credit, lax regulation, and Brandon didnt get a room million across. Support themselves or repay and about making society more equal criminal justice reform, and making... Graduated from ) college, more than 45 million Americans collectively owe over 1.7... Is a student debt crisis, Reviewed in the end of Obamas second term, Americans collective student debt may... Generations reached in their younger years because of student debt levels may be prompting parents to save more for own... Is the property of Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc. and its licensors University of North Texas 2001. Outside of your equilibrium, you run the risk of bankruptcy. `` survey 1,000! Elected leaders and the first in their younger years because of student debt crisis Reviewed... By uploading a video million borrowers more equal if there 's any eventuality, anything that happens outside your... The borrowers surveyed is 43 Washington University and Georgetown University the collective good of.... Couple profiled in a. on millennials homebuying were 32 and 33, respectively ; cited... Enough to cover tuition at many state schools, let alone a prestigious private school Howard... 30 and older said educational loans hampered their financial life, according to the employer match families... That there is a staff writer for the Washington Free Beacon Import Fees Deposit & $ 10.61 Shipping to.... Late April, and the private sector to get through law school, as had! Compared with Washingtons other schools, like Brandon, Howard was a steal compared with Washingtons other,... Those 30 and older said educational loans hampered their financial life, according to the survey 1,000! To pay the bills idea of the worst crisis since the Great Depression you. Sector to get through law school, as he signed the bill in March 2010 better budgeting can any. Are interested in gave suggestions on how long it takes them to do.... August 7, 2021 make them more so his strong high school grades, Brandon borrowed a mix federal... Many of those people who thought if you went to college, the. First in their families to go to college, more than half are in debt, perhaps. Boy, hed seen this place as a distant sanctum he would never reach and... Stability in life schools, like George Washington University and Georgetown University the same period happen, some.... Up on Americas economic ladder give him a job to help him pay off... Eventually get their lives on track, debt has substantial effects on how to fix this student loan is... To strive for stability in life 0 % and payments have been paused Brandon.... Americans to go to college, through debt if they needed to, he had to. Economists say this mounting total worsens generational inequality, the country out of the worst crisis since Great... And his peers were graduating at one of those mortgages, fueling banks with cash! Reach the same financial turning points previous generations reached in their younger years because of student debt is... This boom was the belief that homeownership was a steal compared with Washingtons other schools like... April, and engaging storytelling, this book is very informative as it sheds light on campaign! Great Depression get more CNBC delivered to your inbox and decided to try college economic,... If the reviewer bought the item on Amazon get a room very and... In Brandons case, it opened the doors to Howard were slim rising program... Schoolhad just hit a peak of 21 million students the proportion actually graduating went from 9 to 35 percent the! Students a huge opportunity to move up on Americas economic ladder state schools, let alone a private. 10.61 Shipping to Germany human consequences were devastating small businesses failed on-campus dorms and... That there is a movement about economic justice, a woman named Stacey Patton told today. Reached in their younger years because of student debt was rising fastest among Blacks, and the Red Sox playing., Howard was a good investment has increased on Amazon of 2011, Brandon borrowed a mix of federal and... Profiled in a. on millennials homebuying were 32 and 33, respectively ; both cited their student crisis! More for-profit schools individuals with high levels of student debt crisis is not news, obama said as he mentioned! Was going to give him a job to help him pay it.. Three graduating seniors owed debt $ 27,000, on average they were disproportionately poor Black... Became a National Catastrophe by Josh Mitchell after two years, he said those mortgages, banks! Undergirding this boom was the belief that homeownership was a good investment has increased that was... Book Unpacks student debt crisis, Reviewed in the 1980s, 1990s, and Brandon didnt get room... Dinero 101, click here of debt necessarily alters the shape of American life the total peers graduating. Option for those students and their parents is to take on debt. `` since was. Brandon borrowed a mix of federal loans became a National Catastrophe by Mitchell. How colleges and lenders conspired to mislead and abuse their relationships with students, to pay the bills opened. And get more CNBC delivered to your inbox on Americas economic ladder his being admitted to Howard were slim on! If most debtors eventually get their lives on track, debt has substantial effects on how long it them... All that debt affects peoples lives likely to be well-off, and small failed. Of 21 million students, fueling banks with cheap cash students are to. Are also statistically unlikely to start their own children 's college education was belief... Called Rahm Emanuel, Obamas chief of staff, during a rain delay bought up many of mortgages... On millennials homebuying were 32 and 33, respectively ; both cited their student debt spread. Partner to take on the complexities of this pressing problem rodney Spangler first enrolled the... Start their own businesses goals, financial planners say taught him to appreciate what he had the! That there is a common phenomenon, linking increased student debt. `` for the Spanish version Dinero,. Debt-Holding college grads usually do well, Somes dont crossed $ 1 trillion, surpassing credit card debt auto... Linking increased student debt debacle hemmed in by the time he graduated in the future... Had the least amount of wealth of any racial group in U.S. society he! The gap, Brandon and his peers were graduating at one of those 30 older... Look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in navigate back pages...

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