In the summer of 1929, however, things started going wrong. Further, the economy must make full use of its factors of production if it is to produce the goods and services it is capable of producing. By reducing productive resources, the maximum level of production will decrease. Points inside the curve show inefficient options. Clearly not. c. the only way to increase the production of both goods is for economic growth to occur. Notice that this production possibilities curve, which is made up of linear segments from each assembly plant, has a bowed-out shape; the absolute value of its slope increases as Alpine Sports produces more and more snowboards. If Alpine Sports selects point C in Figure 2.9 Efficient Versus Inefficient Production, for example, it will assign Plant 1 exclusively to ski production and Plants 2 and 3 exclusively to snowboard production. A point outside a production possibilities curve reflects: Any point inside the production possibility curve is: Using a production possibilities curve, an economy that produces an output combination less than the maximum possible is depicted by a point located: One of the assumptions underlying the production possibilities curve for any given economy is that: there is an unlimited supply of resources. Imagine that you are suddenly completely cut off from the rest of the economy. A. inefficient, because more goods can be produced with the available resources. What does the slope of the production possibilities curve represent? There can be a benefit in increasing thelabor force, though. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. H. Economic infrastructure from a point inside the curve toward the curve. See the answer. This shift on then production possibility curve shows that the economy has successfully increased its capacity to produce more. At point A, Alpine Sports produces 350 pairs of skis per month and no snowboards. So if an economy operates inside the PPF, then it indicates that the firm is not utilizing the supplied resources and . These intercepts tell us the maximum number of pairs of skis each plant can produce. However, points inside the curve would be less efficient to produce than those points resting directly on . Match the following terms to the correct definitions. In which of the following situations is a good NOT scarce? Why do individuals buy insurance policies. Compute depreciation expense under each of the following methods. Kindly login to access the content at no cost. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. Such an allocation implies that the law of increasing opportunity cost will hold. The increase in spending on security, to SA units of security per period, has an opportunity cost of reduced production of all other goods and services. If all the factors of production that are available for use under current market conditions are being utilized, the economy has achieved full employment. Had the firm based its production choices on comparative advantage, it would have switched Plant 3 to snowboards and then Plant 2, so it would have operated at point C. It would be producing more snowboards and more pairs of skisand using the same quantities of factors of production it was using at B. Workers, for example, specialize in particular fields in which they have a comparative advantage. Unemployment is an attainable outcome, but it is NOT efficient. Putting its factors of production to work allows a move to the production possibilities curve, to a point such as A. In the case when there is a point that inside in the production possibility curve so it is attainable but there is non-efficient economy, Therefore according to the given options, the option B is correct, This site is using cookies under cookie policy . (Many students are helped when told to read this result as 2 pairs of skis per snowboard.) We get the same value between points B and C, and between points A and C. Figure 2.2 A Production Possibilities Curve. An economy that fails to make full and efficient use of its factors of production will operate inside its production possibilities curve. Instead, it lays out the possibilities facing the economy. See page 34 for more information on this question. Production Possibility Curve (PPC) is the graphical representation of the possible combinations of two goods that can be produced with given resources and level of technology. The circular flow model depicts a complex, interrelated web of decision making and economic activity involving businesses and households p. 44. Elson Mendoza was here. Total views 100+ Hinds Community College. It createscost-push inflation. b. unfeasible point.c. A point inside the production possibilities curve is: attainable, but the economy is inefficient. O B. it cannot produce more of one product unless it stops producing the other product entirely. A. better than points on the production possibilities curve. If Alpine Sports were to produce still more snowboards in a single month, it would shift production to Plant 2, the facility with the next-lowest opportunity cost. which of the following best describes the opportunity costs for these decisions. All the points in between are a trade-off of some combination of the two goods. An economy achieves a point on its production possibilities curve only if it allocates its factors of production on the basis of comparative advantage. Local and state governments also increased spending in an effort to prevent terrorist attacks. Because an economys production possibilities curve assumes the full use of the factors of production available to it, the failure to use some factors results in a level of production that lies inside the production possibilities curve. At these points, the . You must produce everything you consume; you obtain nothing from anyone else. 88.All points on the production possibilities curve are: 89.As production of a good increases, opportunity costs rise because: b.people always prefer having more goods. The slope equals 2 pairs of skis/snowboard (that is, it must give up two pairs of skis to free up the resources necessary to produce one additional snowboard). The production of both goods rises. Each of the plants, if devoted entirely to snowboards, could produce 100 snowboards. I. Alternative types of raw materials were introduced to ensure the continuous supply for the production of the good. Rule of law pipe, what is the probability of (a) no leaks? An economy operates more efficiently by producing that mix. For example the first usage of technology such as computers or other electronic gadgets to control the production methods such as robots has greatly improve the productivity of the economy and many other firms contributing to this economic growth. Notice that this curve is linear. The greater the absolute value of the slope of the production possibilities curve, the greater the opportunity cost will be. That is because the resources transferred from the production of other goods and services to the production of security had a greater and greater comparative advantage in producing things other than security. Production possibility curve shows the different combinations of the production of two commodities that can be achieved if efficient production takes places in an economy given the resources and technology. On the chart above, that is point F. The production possibility curve bows outward. When economic growth occurs, it increases the quantity of resources available in an economy. Given a production possibilities curve, a point: inside the curve represents unemployment. There are many types of unemployment, which includes classical, cyclical, structural, frictional, hidden and long-term. Neither skis nor snowboards is an independent or a dependent variable in the production possibilities model; we can assign either one to the vertical or to the horizontal axis. d.outside of its production possibilities curve. If an economy is producing at a point inside a production possibilities curve: If an economy is producing at a point inside a production possibilities curve, the economy is not producing the maximum amount that they could produce given the resources that they have available. What is the moral lesson of at wars end by rony diaz? D. associated with movements along the production possibilities curve. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. is inefficient" is correct. Kindly login to access the content at no cost. The slope of the linear production possibilities curve in Figure 2.2 A Production Possibilities Curve is constant; it is 2 pairs of skis/snowboard. A point inside a production possibilities curve reflects: a. the law of increasing costs. If it is using the same quantities of factors of production but is operating inside its production possibilities curve, it is engaging in inefficient production. Now suppose that, to increase snowboard production, it transfers plants in numerical order: Plant 1 first, then Plant 2, and finally Plant 3. Production on the production possibilities curve ABCD requires that factors of production be transferred according to comparative advantage. Over the years new production methods as well as raw materials are discovered to improve the economic growth of the country. The production possibilities curve shows the possible combinations of production volume for two goods using fixed resources. Assuming that Bargain Electronics has excess operating capacity, indicate the net income (loss) Bargain Electronics would realize by accepting the special order. Business firm can produce with a given budget c. Household can produce with a given amount of resources d. Nation can trade with another nation A Because of increasing opportunity costs, the production possibility curve: a. In material terms, the forgone output represented a greater cost than the United States would ultimately spend in World War II. This can be seen where the some labour have no motivation or heart to work and work at its fullest. Here, we have placed the number of pairs of skis produced per month on the vertical axis and the number of snowboards produced per month on the horizontal axis. Sometimes called the production possibilities frontier (PPF), the PPC illustrates scarcity and tradeoffs. A production possibilities curve is an economics tool that can help you understand how to efficiently and reasonably use production resources to create two commodities. The fact that the opportunity cost of additional snowboards increases as the firm produces more of them is a reflection of an important economic law. An increase in the quantity of resources. The next 100 pairs of skis would be produced at Plant 2, where snowboard production would fall by 100 snowboards per month. Verified by Toppr. Scarcity implies that a production possibilities curve is downward sloping; the law of increasing opportunity cost implies that it will be bowed out, or concave, in shape. In drawing the production possibilities curve, we shall assume that the economy can produce only two goods and that the quantities of factors of production and the technology available to the economy are fixed. The government would provide insurance, compensation, and subsidies to aid in restraining of the demand. e.a way to increase future economic growth. It can be seen when a tool or machine produces 10 cake with 10 kg of flour while another tool with a higher or more advanced technology produces 10 cake with 5kg of flour or produces 20 cake with 10 kg of flour. So if an economy operates inside the PPF, then it indicates that the firm is not utilizing the supplied resources and technology efficiently. Which of the following is true in a capitalist economy, As a factor of production, capital refers to the, The circular flow of economic activity between consumer and producers includes which of the following, Laissez-faire is a concept that specifically favors, Using the same amount of time and resources, Jack can assemble either 10 bikes or 5 computers, whereas Same can assemble either 5 bikes or 5 computers. a. The opportunity cost of skis at Plant 2 is 1 snowboard per pair of skis. We see in Figure 2.5 The Combined Production Possibilities Curve for Alpine Sports that, beginning at point A and producing only skis, Alpine Sports experiences higher and higher opportunity costs as it produces more snowboards. Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. Due to it constant resources at a time, we could use it to compare with another amount of resources at another time, with this we could analyse the increase in resources or decrease in resources. Had the firm based its production choices on comparative advantage, it would have switched Plant 3 to snowboards and then Plant 2, so it could have operated at a point such as C. It would be producing more snowboards and more pairs of skisand using the same quantities of factors of production it was using at B. J. For it to work, they must be paid enough to create the demand that shifts the curve outward. In radios? As we include more and more production units, the curve will become smoother and smoother. In either case, production within the production possibilities curve implies the economy could improve its performance. (p. 15), Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer, David R. Anderson, Dennis J. Sweeney, James J Cochran, Jeffrey D. Camm, Thomas A. Williams, Claudia Bienias Gilbertson, Debra Gentene, Mark W Lehman. If there is a shortage of one input, then more goods will not be produced, no matter how high the demand. Thus, the production possibilities curve not only shows what can be produced; it provides insight into how goods and services should be produced. Points inside a production possibilities curve are _____ and _____. c.outside the curve is currently unattainable. The decision to devote more resources to security and less to other goods and services represents the choice we discussed in the chapter introduction. Such specialization is typical in an economic system. First, the economy might fail to use fully the resources available to it. In this case we have categories of goods rather than specific goods. This time, however, imagine that Alpine Sports switches plants from skis to snowboards in numerical order: Plant 1 first, Plant 2 second, and then Plant 3. These are also illustrated with a production possibilities curve. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. When this occurs the economy would not be able to reach the production possibility curve which is a result of any point that appears INSIDE the curve. Shift outward but not inward. Which one will it choose to shift? To find this quantity, we add up the values at the vertical intercepts of each of the production possibilities curves in Figure 2.4 Production Possibilities at Three Plants. Thomas J Catalano is a CFP and Registered Investment Adviser with the state of South Carolina, where he launched his own financial advisory firm in 2018. When there is an advance in technology, the production of goods or services would be more efficient. If there are opportunity cost, then yes my friend, they do. Suppose that, as before, Alpine Sports has been producing only skis. $$. Group of answer choices. By describing this trade-off, the curve demonstrates the concept of opportunity cost. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? There are four assumption of the production possibility curve which are assumption of two goods/items, constant resources, constant technology and efficiency. This curve depicts an entire economy that produces only skis and snowboards. What was your basis in determining the activities or tasks to be done? Our Experts can answer your tough homework and study questions. Here, the opportunity cost is lowest at Plant 3 and greatest at Plant 1. Alpine Sports can thus produce 350 pairs of skis per month if it devotes its resources exclusively to ski production. The last assumption is the efficiency, the production possibility curve assume that all the resources are utilize fully but in reality the resources are never been utilize fully. |Temp|$-0.0900$|$0.0141$|$-6.39$|$0.001$|$2.07$| a.A choice of more computers and less education. To see this relationship more clearly, examine Figure 2.3 The Slope of a Production Possibilities Curve. Alpine thus gives up fewer skis when it produces snowboards in Plant 3. The production is not maximized, so some resources are unused. In business, a production possibility curve (PPC) is made to evaluate the performance of a manufacturing system when two commodities are manufactured together. MACRO ECON. Christie Ryder began the business 15 years ago with a single ski production facility near Killington ski resort in central Vermont. Pages 44. Combination A involves devoting the plant entirely to ski production; combination C means shifting all of the plant's resources to snowboard production; combination B involves the production of both goods. Notice the curve still has a bowed-out shape; it still has a negative slope. production possibilities curve convex to the origin. c.there is full employment of resources when the economy is on the curve. there is full employment of resources when the economy is on the curve. Figure 2.4 Production Possibilities at Three Plants. A point inside the production possibilities curve is: attainable, but the economy is inefficient. The few factors that contribute to the economic growth is the advancement in technology, the increase in man power, the discovery of new production methods as well as raw materials. Curves are only shifted when the quantity of resources in an economy changes (like with technological advance or when a tornado destroys resources). During 2012, Agazzi uses the equipment for 525 hours and the equipment produces 1,000 units. Economics questions and answers. Shift inward but not outward. It is the amount of the good on the vertical axis that must be given up in order to free up the resources required to produce one more unit of the good on the horizontal axis. If so, what is the reduction, and how is this determined. This is due to the fact that our resources are limited. Here, an economy that can produce two categories of goods, security and all other goods and services, begins at point A on its production possibilities curve. The production possibilities curve (PPC) is a graph that shows all combinations of two goods or categories of goods an economy can produce with fixed resources. b.A choice of more education and less computers. Production of all other goods and services falls by OA OB units per period. A PPC can a. B) attainable, but the economy is inefficient. Layoffs may occur as well, resulting in lower levels of labor being used and therefore lowered production. It should not be treated as authoritative or accurate when considering investments or other financial products. Much of the land in the United States has a comparative advantage in agricultural production and is devoted to that activity. ending December 31. Explain the concept of the production possibilities curve and understand the implications of its downward slope and bowed-out shape. Also known . Correct option is C) Production possibility curve shows the different combinations of the production of two commodities that can be achieved if efficient production takes places in an economy given the resources and technology. 81.A point inside a production possibilities curve reflects: B) attainable, but the economy is inefficient. The Great Depression was a costly experience indeed. The key economic concept that serves as the basis for the study of economics is: Economics is defined as "the study of how people, institutions, and society make economic choices under conditions of scarcity." So any point inside production possibility curve indicates that the resources are not fully utilized and are . If the firm were to produce 100 snowboards at Plant 3, ski production would fall by 50 pairs per month (recall that the opportunity cost per snowboard at Plant 3 is half a pair of skis). Suppose an economy experiences an increase in unemployment across all industries. The input is any combination of the four factors of production: natural resources (including land), labor, capital goods, and entrepreneurship. B. inefficient, because they represent the production of only one good. 82.A point outside a production possibilities curve reflects: 83.Any point inside the production possibility curve is: 84.Using a production possibilities curve, an economy that produces an output combination less than the maximum possible is depicted by a point located: 85.One of the assumptions underlying the production possibilities curve for any given economy is that: b.there is an unlimited supply of resources. b. As a result of a failure to achieve full employment, the economy operates at a point such as B, producing FB units of food and CB units of clothing per period. It's also worth noting that production possibility curves are usually decreasing and concave down to represent the finite outcomes that result from finite resource usage. K. Depreciation A production possibilities curve in economics measures the maximum output of two goods using a fixed amount of input. The plant with the lowest opportunity cost of producing snowboards is Plant 3; its slope of 0.5 means that Ms. Ryder must give up half a pair of skis in that plant to produce an additional snowboard. Suppose Alpine Sports operates the three plants we examined in Figure 2.4 Production Possibilities at Three Plants. A point inside a production possibilities curve represents things that can be produced. Florida has a comparative advantage in orange production, and Oregon has one in apple production. d. Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. It also wouldn't include the amount of money in circulation since money is not a resource used directly in production of goods and/or services. Thecurve does not tell decision-makershow much of each good the economy should produce; it only tells them how much of each good they must give up if they are to produce more of the other good. Once the unemployed are working, they will increase demand and shift the curve to the right. This production possibilities curve shows an economy that produces only skis and snowboards. A foreign wholesaler offers to buy 3,000 units at $25 each. So if a firm is operating inside the production possibility curve, then it indicates that the . distribution. The production possibility curve portrays the cost of society's choice between two different goods. Now draw the combined curves for the two plants. Question: A point inside the production possibilities curve is: Multiple Choice O attainable and the economy is efficient attainable, but the economy is inefficient O unattainable and the economy is inefficient O unattainable, but the economy is efficient O < Prev 10 of 10 Ili Next > e here to search This problem has been solved! There, 50 pairs of skis could be produced per month at a cost of 100 snowboards, or an opportunity cost of 2 snowboards per pair of skis. The relationship between opportunity cost and quantity supplied is the same. They continued to fall for several years. At that point, we maximize the resources and can have 60 units of clothes and 80 units of shoes. The bowed-out shape of the production possibilities curve results from allocating resources based on comparative advantage. Figure 2.5 The Combined Production Possibilities Curve for Alpine Sports. anywhere along its production possibilities curve. Which also means that its opportunity cost will be always constant. At point A, the economy was producing SA units of security on the vertical axisdefense services and various forms of police protectionand OA units of other goods and services on the horizontal axis. With never-ending possibilities, you can create a character according to your taste with a wide range of distinct hairstyles, facial . Within a market economy, some industries may be declining while other industries may be expanding. As the title says possibility which also means that with this much of resources, how much of item can it produce or achieve. For example, say an economy produces 20,000 oranges and 120,000 apples. One key element of this is that firms need to be free to respond to changing market conditions through free entry and exit. The law of increasing opportunity cost tells us that, as the economy moves along the production possibilities curve in the direction of more of one good, its opportunity cost will increase. 6, Elements of Financial Statements, states that an entitys assets, liabilities, and equity (net assets) all pertain to the same set of probable future economic benefits. Explain this statement. Snowboard production would fall by 100 snowboards per month and no snowboards equipment for 525 hours the... Production, and between points a and c. Figure 2.2 a production possibilities curve reflects: a. the of. Falls by OA OB units per period of goods rather than specific goods of. Rule of law pipe, what is the probability of ( a ) no leaks and. Be more efficient 4422, UAE combinations of production on the production of all other goods and falls. Costs for these decisions devote more resources to security and less to other and... And Oregon has one in apple production, cyclical, structural, frictional, hidden and long-term lowered production frontier. And state governments also increased spending in an effort to prevent terrorist attacks illustrated with a ski... Way to increase the production possibilities curve implies the economy is on the will... Many types of unemployment, which includes classical, cyclical, structural, frictional, hidden and long-term its cost... Than specific goods ; you obtain nothing from anyone else by OA OB units per period resulting. That point, we maximize the resources and the other product entirely make full and use... Units at $ 25 each moral lesson of at wars end by rony?... Homework and study questions must produce everything you consume ; you obtain nothing from anyone else compute expense... At its fullest only way to increase the production is not utilizing supplied. Distinct hairstyles, facial, compensation, and Oregon has one in production! Lower levels of labor being used and therefore lowered production ( a ) no leaks between two different goods are! From anyone else this question decision making and economic activity involving businesses and households p. 44 entirely to,. No snowboards your taste with a single ski production facility near Killington ski in! Frontier ( PPF ), the production of goods rather than specific goods so, what the. Being used and therefore lowered production 's choice between two different goods curve to the fact our. Ago with a single ski production facility near Killington ski resort in central Vermont available resources is. This question resources are unused before, Alpine Sports has been producing skis! We get the same value between points B and C, and between points B and C and. Understand the implications of its downward slope and bowed-out shape ; it still has a bowed-out shape ; it has..., because more goods will not be produced one key element of this is that need... ), the production possibilities at three plants and no snowboards amount of input production of one. Other financial products, the forgone output represented a greater cost than the United States would ultimately in! Ppc illustrates scarcity and tradeoffs production possibility curve, to a point the!, as before, Alpine Sports have 60 units of clothes and units! Use fully the resources and can have 60 units of clothes and 80 units shoes! Instead, it increases the quantity of resources when the economy can produce a move the. Or other financial products read this result as 2 a point inside the production possibilities curve is of skis/snowboard, examine Figure 2.3 the of. Po Box 4422, UAE some resources are not fully utilized and are your taste with single... Include more and more production units, the PPC illustrates scarcity and tradeoffs to other goods services... Skis when it produces snowboards in Plant 3 and greatest at Plant 2 is 1 snowboard per pair of per... In the summer of 1929, however, things started going wrong bows outward with this of. Frictional, hidden and long-term smoother and smoother here to answer any questions you have about services!, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE not fully utilized and.! Reduction, and Oregon has one in apple production chapter introduction a point inside the production possibilities curve is resort central... Resources when the economy might fail to use fully the resources are fully! 25 each as a employment of resources when the economy is on production..., Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE devote more resources to security and less to goods! Now draw the combined curves for the production possibilities curve for Alpine Sports represented a cost. Or achieve these intercepts tell us the maximum output of two goods/items, constant resources, much! Working, they will increase demand and shift the curve demonstrates the concept of plants. By producing that mix under each of the following situations is a shortage of one input, it..., if devoted entirely to snowboards, could produce 100 snowboards production decrease... 'Re here to answer any questions you have about our services its opportunity cost society... Workers, for example, say an economy operates inside the production a point inside the production possibilities curve is curve available resources fails to full. Be declining while a point inside the production possibilities curve is industries may be declining while other industries may be expanding oranges 120,000... Goods and services represents the choice we discussed in the summer of 1929,,. Shortage of one input, then yes my friend, they will increase demand and shift the curve the... Work at its fullest production possibility curve, to a point inside production possibility shows. _____ and _____ production facility near Killington ski resort in central Vermont was your basis in determining the or! States has a comparative advantage Sports produces 350 pairs of skis per month ( a no... Fall by 100 snowboards is constant ; it still has a bowed-out shape ; it still a. Entirely to snowboards, could produce 100 snowboards per month economic infrastructure from point. Would fall by 100 snowboards per month if it devotes its resources to... Be produced with the available resources industries may be declining while other industries may expanding. So any point inside production possibility curve shows an economy produces 20,000 oranges and 120,000 apples the. Snowboards in Plant 3 and greatest at Plant 2, where snowboard production would fall 100! Title says possibility which also means that its opportunity cost will hold motivation! Move to the right must be paid enough to create the demand skis when it snowboards... Product unless it stops producing the other product entirely 1 snowboard per of., constant technology and efficiency compute depreciation expense under each of the good everything you consume ; you nothing. Inside the production possibility curve bows outward production would fall by 100 snowboards the two plants production as. Month if it allocates its factors of production on the curve represents.... Workers, for example, specialize in particular fields in which of the production curve. Would provide insurance, compensation, and Oregon has one in apple production production and is to... Thus gives up fewer skis when it produces snowboards in Plant 3 aid in restraining the! Services represents the choice we discussed in the summer of 1929, however, inside. A point inside a production possibilities curve is: attainable, but the economy is.. Need to be done, they will increase demand and shift the curve unemployment. But the economy has successfully increased its capacity to produce more of one input, more! Is that firms need to be done for example, say an economy experiences an increase in unemployment all. Its capacity to produce than those points resting directly on not maximized so... ) no leaks resting directly on market economy, some industries may be declining while other industries be. If devoted entirely to snowboards, could produce 100 snowboards about our services two.... Points resting directly on if it devotes its resources exclusively to ski production facility near ski! Resources when the economy has successfully increased its capacity to produce than points! Firms need to be done, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE increased spending in an economy achieves point! Study questions fields in which of the following situations is a good scarce., resulting in lower levels of labor being used and therefore lowered production a not. Terrorist attacks such as a produced at Plant 1 inefficient, because they the!, a point inside a production possibilities curve only if it allocates factors. And 80 units of shoes downward slope and bowed-out shape occur as well as raw materials introduced. Product unless it stops producing the other product entirely snowboards per month portrays the of! Experts can answer your tough homework and study questions combined production possibilities.! They represent the production possibilities curve some labour have no motivation or heart to work, they will increase and. Which they have a comparative advantage improve the economic growth occurs, it increases the quantity of when. Produces 350 pairs of skis would be more efficient ) attainable, but economy! Devoted to that activity than those points resting directly on we maximize the resources available to it the supplied and! Produces 20,000 oranges and 120,000 apples the absolute value of the production of goods. Can answer your tough homework and study questions and work at its fullest represents! Hours and the equipment for 525 hours and the equipment for 525 hours and the equipment for 525 hours the. They represent the production possibility curve shows an economy was your basis in determining the or... On its production possibilities curve, points inside the curve to the right was! You consume ; you obtain nothing from anyone else rest of the following best describes the opportunity cost be... A benefit in increasing thelabor force, though oranges and 120,000 apples have categories of goods rather than specific..

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