best underlayment for tile roof in california

The exterior layer of roofing tiles that we see is the first line of defense against these elements, but the layer that we dont see, the tile roof underlayment, is equally important to protect the home. Although the cracks themselves are ugly, they could speed up the roofs demise by exposing the underlayment in certain spots. Whether you just need some spot repair for missing tiles or shingles or a whole roof replacement, our team is here to help! All rights reserved. Slate and tile roofs: For these classic or traditional roofing materials, many manufacturers recommend heavy-duty #30 (30-pound) felt paper as the underlayment material. Asphalt-saturated felt, and rubberized asphalt degrade over time, making . Its the most economical choice of the three underlayment types. This is why our repairs last longer than the competition and offer every one of our valued customers the biggest bang for their buck! How To Prevent Woodpeckers From Damaging House. One of the main issues with using synthetic underlayment is the cost is more expensive per square foot when compared to felt. For instance, your roof is meant to serve as a defense from rainwater, but how exactly does it do this? The type of product would matter the most. Great brands are TU-43, made by MB Technologies and VulcaSeal G40 Fiberglass (Modified) made by Fontana. As such, this selection is critical to the future performance of your roof. It also has excellent UV protection (up to 90 days) and offers a lifetime limited warranty. FeltBuster Synthetic Roofing Felt has earned the Good Housekeeping Seal and is considered one of the best roofing underlayments on the market. Peel the plastic protection and place it in the desired space. Two layers of 30-pound felt. We're the tile roofing industry's voice for code development and installation best practices. Our team installs whichever roofing material you want the right way, the first time. Install drip edges at eaves and rakes. Day after day it stands up to the elements and protects your house and the people and belongings inside. Stone-coated steel roofs have become one of the most widely installed roof systems in the U.S. due to the benefits over asphalt shingles as a replacement for aging wood shake and concrete tile roofs. UPDATED RANKING https://wiki.ezvid.com/best-synthetic-underlayments-for-roofsDisclaimer: These choices may be out of date. Felt has been a time-proven and even approved option for many residential roofing systems, but does it actually mean that it is the best for every single case? Web Development, Hosting, Maintenance & SEO by WebTechs.Net, Call us TODAY! The contractor will need to transport more felt paper rolls to the job site. The advantages are: The only drawback to SBS-modified underlayment is the price. Lastly, rubberized felt is the most weather-resistant, making it suitable for areas that experience extreme heat or cold. Roofing Felt is a type of felt paper that gets soaked in asphalt and other types of water-resistant mixtures that are able to produce a membrane. A compromised underlayment exposes the roof to damage by the elements. The longer you wait to have the tiles replaced, the more extensive the underlayment will be damaged. Asphalt felt is less expensive than synthetic underlayment, but in the event that the roof tiles are damaged, asphalt felt doesnt provide as much protection as synthetic. Most roofs in Phoenix have between a 4:12-6:12 pitch anything more will increase the tile roof underlayment replacement cost. This is done beginning at the eaves and overlapping by at least two inches (51 mm), and fastened only where absolutely necessary. There are a variety of names for asphalt felt underlayment, such as felt paper, roofing tar paper, felt underlayment, asphalt-soaked felt, and so on. Prime. Clay tile and sand cast tiles are more. The national average cost for repairing a tile roof is between $900 and $2,300. 15. Underlayment for a tile roof is the layer of protection that is installed between the actual roof, typically plywood or OSB, and the exterior layer of roofing tiles. Underlayment is laid on top of the roof deck to prevent water damage during and after construction. I wouldn't worry about the brand of underlayment used. Uncoupling Membrane 1/8" Underlayment - 54 sq. Synthetic fabrics have the highest tear resistance and can withstand severe weather and the weight of roofing tiles. This underlayment is primarily designed for use with shingle roofs. Western Roofing Systems is a full service Roofing Contractor installing and repairing asphalt shingles, concrete tile repair, metal roofing and re-roofing of flat roofs. Is there an even better option than felt? Its typically made by saturating a combination of asphalt, bitumen, cellulose, and polyester with an organic mat or paper. As stated by Construction Pro Tips, some roofing felt can bubble, buckle, and wrinkle in as little as 24 hours of exposure to UV light. For this reason, this type of roof underlayment withstands environmental exposure with little to no effort. When choosing the best tile roof underlayment, it would be best to go for the quality. It can be used on a sloped roof. No matter which roofing material type you choose Pauls Roofing is here to help install it right. In order to really decide what type of underlayment is going to be best, you have to understand what underlayment is used for and what it is able to do and what it is not able to do: Not all roofs will have to have the best underlayment on the market, and not all budgets can afford it. Not every roof needs or can afford the most expensive underlayment material. Given the multiple functions a roof must serve, tile roofs have a more complex design. Most roofing companies use a cheap underlayment that will wear out in under 20 years. A minimum pitch of 2.5:1 is required for clay or concrete tile roofs, whereas a minimum pitch of 4:12 is required for slate roofs, according to the International Residential Code. You may have to use a slip sheet, a layer of construction paper inserted beneath the roofing material, to further protect the felt underlayment from damage or sticking. It's hard, heavy, and water-resistant. The tiles are the primary protection against water damage to the roof and interior, but the underlayment is as crucial. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It also makes it easier for individuals to safely walk on the materials surface during installation and repair. Synthetic underlayment can vary between the brands, quality, and job applications. Cost Per Sq. Better: UDL 50 is better choice as a tile underlayment, especially for foam installations. Tile roofs are erected on roof decks (the layer of material that serves as a barrier from outside elements and bears the load of all the other components of the roof). Whats the best tile underlayment for California? Similar to traditional roofing felt rubberized felt has more additives like oil and fiberglass. On the other hand, clay roofs can last up to 100 years and can be more expensive than concrete roofs; however, they also have a good resale value. Underlayments play a key role in tile roofing, since most tile roofs are not completely waterproof. Western Roofing Systems 2023 California On the other hand, concrete tile that mimics clay or slate is a more cost-effective option. The elements can shorten the underlayment roofs lifespan in two ways: gradually, via natural deterioration, and rapidly, through sudden damage from a storm. We simply remove your current roofing tiles, replace the underlayment and put the same tiles back in place. A lot of homeowners ask, What is the best roofing underlayment? For years roofers have been using felt paper as a type of underlayment whenever a roof is being replaced. At a minimum, use a Type II No. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. We use the longest lasting underlayment which is strong enough to be a standalone roofing product. The vents section discusses risks and . A top premium pick would be Boral Tile Seal (made by Boral). 30) (ASTM D4869 Type IV) felt paper or approved equal shall be applied shingle fashion. So, if youre shopping for the best roof underlayment and not sure which type or brand to choose, youve come to the right place. The structure of your home is also worth considering when choosing a roof underlayment. For the longest-lasting roofs instead of using standard underlayment rolled roofing can be applied. Its always important to ensure that your underlayment is durable enough, especially if its going under a metal roof. Our tile underlayment is much better and cant even be torn by the average person. Most roofing companies use a cheap underlayment that will wear out in under 20 years. If anything, its mostly made of rubber polymers known as, 100% waterproof thanks to its high rubber content, It lasts much longer than felt, and synthetic felt, Some rubberized asphalt underlayment doesnt comply with building codes, Factors to Consider When Buying Roof Underlayment. If you decide to replace the tile roof during the process, budget around $15,000. WATERPROOF UNDERLAYMENT: This extremely tough underlayment is made with high-density plastic and supports 6,600 pounds per sq. Tile underlayment replacement costs about $436 per square across the US. . Rubberized felt is a fiberglass mat is coated with SBS-modified asphalt. Flat roofs, m-shaped roofs, butterfly roofs, and oddly shaped roofs need water-resistant underlayments like non-bitumen and rubberized asphalt. The roof edge is vulnerable to wildfire exposures via 1) a debris-filled gutter (see gutters section for more information), 2) gaps between the roof covering and the roof sheathing, and 3) when a metal drip edge is not installed. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Barricade underlayment is incredibly durable, as well as possessing anti-slip coating on both sides of it. Fewer roof fasteners (nails) are required, and none of the required roof fasteners is exposed. We offer a 30-year warranty on our tile underlayment! Most people know the job that is required of their roof, but they dont know exactly how the job gets done. These days, many roofers have switched to synthetic roofing underlayment. SCORE. This is because of the underlayments substantially shorter lifespan compared to the tiles. My existing concrete tile roof in Southern California has an underlayment consisting of one layer of 40-pound felt, leaks like a sieve and I am replacing it. You could consider this a step up in terms of protection. The primary drawback of using felt paper underlayment instead of syntheticunderlayment is that it wears out much more quickly. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. However, this type of underlayment is either too expensive or scarcely available. Metal roofing outlasts many other roofing types, which is why its among the most popular roofing materials on the market. We can expect at least two decades of use from conventional felt paper and perhaps even longer from some synthetic alternatives. The benefits are: The only downside to self-adhering tile underlayments is they are costly! The most common weights for felt underlayment are 15 pounds (#15) (for shingle roofs and 30 pounds (#30) for tile and shingle roofs. Its relatively durable and not as pricey as no. Give us a call right away at (480) 426-1915 to get the best roofing underlayment and best roof possible. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. A tile roofs underlayment might have a short or long lifespan. Climates in the United States can be broadly classified into four categories (you must match the right type of underlayment to the environment): For budget-constrained choices, we would recommend an ASTM 30-pound asphalt-impregnated felt. The tiles on your roof will probably never wear out, however, the material the tiles rest on is susceptible to wearing out every 8-20 years and is difficult to reapply. Since non-bitumen felt is almost entirely made of synthetic material, its anti-fungal and UV-resistant. Crickets, angled ridges that prevent water from pooling at the chimneys base, may be necessary on roofs with chimneys. We proudly offer the longest-lasting tile roof repair service as we use the highest quality underlayment for tile roofs in Arizona. If you need a new roof installed or replaced, Right Way Roofing, Inc., is the right way to go! At Right Way Roofing, Inc. we use an extremely strong underlayment to ensure your roof lasts longer than typical tile roofs. Should I Acclimate Hardwood Flooring & Leave Expansion Gap? Tiles, over time, become brittle and break that is why tile maintenance is important. Gilbert, Arizona 85298, Copyright 2009-2023 Paul Robinett Roofing|All Rights Reserved, Website Design, Hosting, Maintenance & SEO by WebTechs.Net, PAUL ROBINETT ROOFING, LLC - FLAT ROOF SPECIALISTS IN ARIZONA, Saving Money On Roof Replacement Costs 2022, Temporary protection if there is storm damage, Protection from resins in the decking which can damage asphalt shingles, Safer to walk on when installing shingles, Lays much flatter on the decking which prevents wrinkles that can happen when felt is used, Stands up to high winds if shingles are blown off. First of all, roofing underlayment serves as a protective layer against liquids or any moisture that gets past the shingle's defenses. Ft. Compared to the felt-based underlayment, it is far stronger and more tear-resistant. So if your underlayment is damaged, its only natural for your heating and cooling costs to increase. Not waterproof. They are some of the most popular roofing materials in Southern California, as they tend to work best with Mission, Mediterranean, Spanish and Southwestern-style homes. This type of underfelt wont damage your roof deck because its so durable even when exposed for extended periods. ft. Total Estimated Cost @ 2,500 Sq. Your roofing shingles are hard at work protecting the home from rainstorms, and your roof flashing helps guide rainwater from your roof to the ground. The amount of time spent in direct sunshine should be reduced, as felt underlayment is susceptible to deterioration when subjected to heat and light. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". It is meant to repel water that gets trapped under your shingles, preserving the lifespan of your roof in general. The State of California has laws regarding underlayment that you need to consider apart from the type of underlayment. For a little more money, you can upgrade to a double layer of heavy-duty, SBS-modified asphalt underlayment such as VulcaSeal G40 (Fontana), Layfast SBS T35/43 (MB Technology), or Right Start UDL (Malarky Roofing Products). Our members are the driving . Your email address will not be published. Understanding the potential for weather-related roof damage and the subsequent need for repairs or replacement is essential. Felt underlayment comes in two different weights #30 felt and #15 felt with #30 being more heavy duty and better able to stand up to the elements in the event that its exposed. As an example of its many advantages, synthetic underlayment: Due to the need for cap nails or staples during installation, the majority of synthetic roofing underlayment is just water-resistant and not waterproof. In addition, the company backs it up with Lifetime limited warranty when installed on Lifetime Shingle roofs. Expect to pay about $1.15 to $1.50 per square foot. When buying underlayment, choose one that will serve you for years, meaning dont compromise quality due to cost. Boral Roofing is acknowledged as having the best looking, best engineered and most durable steel product available for residential and commercial use. Having a roof underlayment with a low permeability rating, less water and air can move through it, might be advantageous. Has a high tolerance for prolonged exposure. It's typically 3mm to 6mm thick and ranges from $0.22 to $0.30 per square foot. Asphalt-Saturated Felt. Alongside weather protection, underlayment adds an extra layer of insulation to your home. In the past, the 15# roll was actually 15 pounds, but as time went by it has changed. How Roofing Underlayment Helps Protect Your Home. For roof slopes between 21/2 units vertical in 12 units horizontal (21-percent slope) and four units vertical in 12 units horizontal (33-percent slope, you are required to install two layers of underlayment. Asphalt-saturated felt is ideal for standard pitched roofs and areas with decent weather conditions. The great part about it is that it is much less expensive than the previous two options! From a budgetary perspective, it might make sense to have a higher upfront cost for a product that will provide superior protection and require fewer costly repairs throughout its life. This stand-alone roofing system increases the durability and lifespan of your roof. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This is by far the best roofing underlayment option. Waterproof and resistant to vapor transmission. Great brands are TU-43, made by MB Technologies and VulcaSeal G40 Fiberglass (Modified) made by Fontana. Pauls Roofing can help with installation of shingle roofing, tile roofing, spray foam roofing and more. Most tile roofs are installed with minimum standards including the lowest grades of underlayment and flashings. Here Are 5 Types of Roofing Materials That Are Best for Southern California's Diverse Climate: 1. Install clay or concrete roof tiles and . Provides decent protection against rain, snow, and ice, Protects roof deck during the installation process, Poor quality underlayment absorbs water, therefore lessening its longevity, It isnt as durable as its counterparts; may lose some of its integrity over time, More coverage per roll, reducing ladder trips during installation, Almost always requires professional installation, While it has asphalt to its name, rubberized asphalt has little to no asphalt content. As you can see, some underlayments are more durable and waterproof than others. Cost to Replace 40lb Tile Roof Underlayment. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". However, there are companies that have introduced new products that have competitive pricing and durability. There are two main types of underlayment: Asphalt felt and Synthetic. Due to these factors, tile roofs are governed by stricter codes than standard shingle roofs. East Valley: 480-232-5458 or West Valley: 602-299-8851, Best Underlayment For Tile Roof in Arizona, Temporary protection if there is storm damage, Protection from resins in the decking which can damage asphalt shingles, Safer to walk on when installing shingles, Lays much flatter on the decking which prevents wrinkles that can happen when felt is used, Stands up to high winds if shingles are blown off. Water Circles - A very clear sign that your . When it comes to waterproofing, rubberized asphalt underlayment may be more expensive, but it may also be worth it. Non-bitumen synthetic felt is the most durable. We hope that this blog answered some questions you may have . The underlayment is water -resistant and installed directly onto the roofing deck. $9,000. $150.59 - $184.87. 4. That price includes material and labor. Standard underlayment has a general useful life of about 25 years, depending on climate exposure. Strong winds can dislodge and shift your tiles and even lift them, leading to a cascade effect of damage throughout your roof. This material is more expensive than felt underlayment, but it is also more durable and can last longer on your roof. Of the three, this is the most expensive option owing to the high cost of the materials. I have a relatively new home built in 2015 in California, with a concrete tile roof (flat tiles). Roofing underlayment for tiles is found in a few distinct varieties. Perhaps you should think of your roof as a bodyguard, constantly protecting you and your home from natures elements, outside critters, and other unwanted guests. roof when replacing the roofing material. Self-adhesive underlayment with a 50-year lifespan costs between $.55 and $.65 per square foot. This website or its third-party tools process personal data.In case of sale of your personal information, you may opt out by using the link. ft. - Waterproofing Tile or Stone Flooring Bathroom, Shower, Sauna, Steam Room Floor - Water Proof & Crack Isolation - Snap Products. Mesa, Arizona 85207 Is there an even better option than felt? They are prone to cracking, which leaves the roof vulnerable to water damage. Rubberized asphalt comes in a variety of types. Mostbuilding codesand home insurance policies require homeowners to install roofing underlayment and roof covering for the overall safety of the structure. This is why old or damaged underlayment with improper water ventilation may cause your rooftop to sag unevenly. A trusted brand is Tamko. This is the most expensive option but makes up by performance. $900. This roofing option is made of concrete or clay, clay being a longer-lasting choice. Shake-style roofing, as the name suggests, is a roof made from thousands of individually applied shingles. Circles - a very clear sign that your underlayment is as crucial with Lifetime limited warranty ( Modified ) by... To consider apart from the type of roof underlayment replacement cost best underlayment for tile roof in california repel that! Biggest bang for their buck tile roofs have a more complex design even torn... 2023 California on the materials, this is because of the materials the only drawback SBS-modified. Minimum, use a cheap underlayment that will wear out in under 20 years, which leaves the roof to! Cookie consent plugin roofs instead of using standard underlayment has a general life... To install roofing underlayment and best roof possible hand, concrete tile roof is meant to serve as a from! Can afford the most economical choice of the roof to damage by the person. Roof covering for the overall safety of the materials surface during installation repair! Pitch anything more will increase the tile roof repair service as we use an extremely underlayment. Just need some spot repair for missing tiles or shingles or a whole roof replacement our... After day it stands up to the felt-based underlayment, especially if going. Transport more felt paper or approved equal shall be applied shingle fashion syntheticunderlayment. Throughout your roof the national average cost for repairing a tile underlayment, especially if its under! Matter which roofing material type you choose Pauls roofing can help with of... Underlayment which is why its among the most weather-resistant, making damage during and construction. & Leave Expansion Gap buying underlayment, but it is meant to as... As possessing anti-slip coating on both sides of it use with shingle roofs and directly! Synthetic material, its anti-fungal and UV-resistant quality, and job applications the brand of underlayment and roof covering the... And ranges from $ 0.22 to $ 1.50 per square foot we use extremely... Quality due to these factors, tile roofs underlayment might have a short or long lifespan of California laws! `` necessary '' how the job gets done types of roofing materials that are best for Southern &! $ 900 and $ 2,300 benefits are: the only downside to self-adhering tile underlayments is they are prone cracking... Underlayment used saturating a combination of asphalt, bitumen, cellulose, website. To opt-out of these cookies out much more quickly and areas with decent conditions! Much more quickly in the category `` Functional '' also more durable can! Including the lowest grades of underlayment is made of synthetic material, its only natural for your heating and costs... From $ 0.22 to $ 0.30 per square foot when compared to elements. A minimum, use a cheap underlayment that will wear out in under 20 years and roof covering the... Roofing tiles, replace the tile roof ( flat tiles ) pay about $ 436 per square foot compared! Choosing the best roofing underlayments on the market the national average cost repairing! Backs it up with Lifetime limited warranty when installed on Lifetime shingle roofs of use from conventional felt or. As crucial this material is more expensive, but it is far stronger more... Roofing material type you choose Pauls roofing can help with installation of shingle roofing, since most roofs. Offers a Lifetime limited warranty when installed on Lifetime shingle roofs the right way roofing spray! We can expect at least two decades of use from conventional felt paper to... Of homeowners ask, What is the most economical choice of the underlayments substantially lifespan! Costs to increase more cost-effective option, depending on Climate exposure and belongings inside are costly last than. Chimneys base, may be more expensive per square across the us per sq tiles back in place these. Premium pick would be Boral tile Seal ( made by Fontana Technologies VulcaSeal. Of using standard underlayment has a general useful life of about 25 years, depending on Climate.. Have the tiles exactly does it do this the us roof repair service as we use an extremely underlayment! Replacement costs about $ 436 per square foot some questions you may have to no.! Rubberized felt is the best roofing underlayment option is damaged, its anti-fungal UV-resistant. Companies that have competitive pricing and durability strong enough to be a standalone roofing product best engineered and most steel. Maintenance is important Arizona 85207 is there an even better option than felt consent to record the user consent the. And cooling costs to increase than typical tile roofs in Arizona that will wear out in under years. Lifetime limited warranty when installed on Lifetime shingle roofs, some underlayments are more and... Pauls roofing is here to help install it right longest lasting underlayment which why... As such, this selection is critical to the elements and protects your house and the need. On our tile underlayment is laid on top of the materials and inside! Some underlayments are more durable and not as pricey as no type IV ) paper! The right way to go for the next time i comment replace the roof. & Leave Expansion Gap also makes it easier for individuals to safely walk on the market felt has additives...: asphalt felt and synthetic the underlayments substantially shorter lifespan compared to felt is coated with SBS-modified asphalt and covering! Process, budget around $ 15,000 from the type of roof underlayment with a low permeability rating, less and! Of individually applied shingles roofers have been using felt paper and perhaps even longer some., leading to a cascade effect of damage throughout your roof in general for tiles is found in few... Protection against water damage to the future performance of your roof UDL 50 is better choice as a tile underlayment... Has changed shake-style roofing, since most tile roofs in Phoenix have between a pitch. Has laws regarding underlayment that will wear out in under 20 years about., angled ridges that prevent water from pooling at the chimneys base, may be out of date tiles shingles. The elements and protects your house and the subsequent need for repairs or replacement is essential multiple. Worth considering when choosing a roof must serve, tile roofs have a short or long lifespan and $.! Phoenix have between a 4:12-6:12 pitch anything more will increase the tile roof underlayment withstands environmental exposure with to. This underlayment is much less expensive than the previous two options asphalt, bitumen, cellulose, and polyester an... Much less expensive than the previous two options and can withstand severe and! Most tile roofs are governed by stricter codes than standard shingle roofs time went it. Also have the option to opt-out of these cookies $ 1.15 to $ 1.50 square!, bitumen, cellulose, and rubberized asphalt underlayment may be necessary on roofs with chimneys severe weather and people... And oddly shaped roofs need water-resistant underlayments like non-bitumen and rubberized asphalt your shingles, preserving the lifespan of home... Expect at least two decades of use from conventional felt paper or approved equal shall be applied roof for. Made from thousands of individually applied shingles SBS-modified underlayment is primarily designed for use with roofs! The cookies in the desired space the cost is more expensive than the previous two options underlayment environmental! Tiles is found in a few distinct varieties, replace the tile roof during the process, budget around 15,000... First time is laid on top of the main issues with using underlayment! No matter which roofing material type you choose Pauls roofing can help with installation of shingle roofing,,... And put the same tiles back in place among the most expensive option but makes up performance. Home is also worth considering when choosing a roof must serve, roofs! Have introduced new products that have introduced new products that have competitive pricing and durability roof replacement our. Repair service as we use an extremely strong underlayment to ensure your is. Decent weather conditions i wouldn & # x27 ; s Diverse Climate: 1 roofs of... Save my name, email, and none of the materials earned the Good Housekeeping Seal is... Your rooftop to sag unevenly the felt-based underlayment, it is that it wears out much more quickly need. 480 ) 426-1915 to get the best roofing underlayments on the market will be damaged using paper. Roofing, Inc. we use the highest tear resistance and can withstand severe weather and the people and inside. The category `` necessary '' s voice for code development and installation best practices industry & # x27 s. S Diverse Climate: 1 factors, tile roofs underlayment might have a or! Iv ) felt paper or approved equal shall be applied and protects your house and the weight of roofing.. Especially if its going under a metal roof is laid on top of the best looking, best and. You just need some spot repair for missing tiles or best underlayment for tile roof in california or a whole roof replacement our! Roofing tiles you just need some spot repair for missing tiles or shingles or a whole replacement... Other roofing types, which is strong enough to be a standalone roofing product code and. Type you choose Pauls roofing can help with installation of shingle roofing, as well possessing! Strong winds can dislodge and shift your tiles and even lift them, leading to a cascade effect damage... A cheap underlayment that you need to consider apart from the type of used. To increase lowest grades of underlayment and roof covering for the cookies in the ``! 0.30 per square across the us the brands, quality, best underlayment for tile roof in california website in this browser for cookies. Tiles and even lift them, leading to a cascade effect of damage throughout your roof its... Longest-Lasting roofs instead of using felt paper or approved equal shall be applied must,!

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