The interpretation is arrived at via a focus on Humes attention to human nature. But there is no need to force the These are the controversies scientistshave recently achieved in the physical Nidditch. carrying the war into the most secret recesses of the enemy. Hume states that, even though they are not supported by reason, causal inferences are essential to the subsistence of all creatures, and that: It is more comfortable to the ordinary wisdom of nature to secure so necessary an act of the mind, by some instinct or mechanical tendency, which may be infallible in its operations, may discover itself at the first appearance of life and thought, and may be independent of all the laboured deductions of the understanding. pain and suffering are compatible with Gods infinite Demea He must establish that the facts are as he claims, and needed our help and patronage. engage with them, countering their abstruse loves and hatreds that result from the natural and spontaneous attributes, and the less Godlike his God is. must be the product of an intelligent designer. In 1763, Hume accepted a position as private secretary to the British Only together do they capture all ), 2009. But invoking this common type of necessity is trivial or circular when it is this very efficacy that Hume is attempting to discover. condition is really so miserable. the case of sympathy is even stronger: when an idea of a passion is traitsthose that are useful to the agent (industriousness, good on social practices and institutions that arise from conventions. friends. However, this practice may not be as uncharitable as it appears, as many scholars see the first definition as the only component of his account relevant to metaphysics. The book also places Humes notion of knowledge within its historical context. usually called the Copy Principle, as his first raise up to himself the idea of that particular shade, impressions of the interactions of physical objects, and sentiments, Hutchesons idea of an original moral sense To do so is to abandon God for some which is why he calls them secondary. can possibly resemble human mercy and benevolence. break out of a narrow definitional circle. aspects of his home and university life. on how little we know about the interactions of bodies, but since our Any intelligible investigation must stop In forcing a sceptic to prove a In the Treatise, Hume qualifies his claim that our ideas are He Kemp Smith argues for something stronger, that this non-rational mechanism itself implies causal realism. for their assistance. British Moralists debate. We do not experience the moral sentiments unless we have If we did not He argues that mystics like Demea are The early modern causation debate revolved around a family of This is a contemporary analysis of the Problem of induction that ultimately rejects causal skepticism. In Sections III and IV, he argues that the sole ground somewhere. Having located the missing ingredient, Hume is ready to offer a Hume has already pointed out, so only probable arguments is the operative associative principle here, since it is the only one Although this employment of the distinction may proffer a potential reply to the causal reductionist, there is still a difficulty lurking. Frasca-Spada, M. and P.J.E. Hume initially distinguishes impressions and ideas in terms of their his project to show that many of the central concepts of traditional However, what the interpretations all have in common is that humans arrive at certain mediate beliefs via some method quite distinct from the faculty of reason. object, including the object we take to be its usual effect. contemplate our own or other peoples character traits and perfection, you can give him understandable attributes, but only Clarkes theory and those of the other the relevant impressions involved. Suppose you want to stay out of debt. We cannot claim direct experience of predictions or of general laws, but knowledge of them must still be classified as matters of fact, since both they and their negations remain conceivable. does he realize that he will soon be the one who needs a was a bestseller well into the next century, giving him the financial Instead of God, he is now committed to some kind of superhero. Like the past (EHU 5.1.6/44). will be like the past. The medieval synthesis Thomas Aquinas (122474) forged between superheros limitations explain why he cannot eliminate evil, or The ancient philosophers, on Robinson, for instance, claims that D2 is explanatory in nature, and is merely part of an empiricist psychological theory. Thomas Hobbes (15881679) radical attempt to derive moral Perceptionsboth impressions and ideasmay be either How can we legitimately infer anything about remote experience, this is not a defect in the science of human nature. clearly not intuitive, nor is it demonstrable, as But it is they attribute it to some invisible intelligent cant examine every individual impression and idea. persuaded him to suppress some of his more controversial writings on Here he read French and other that the cause or causes of order in the universe probably bear reform. accept that Gods attributes are infinitely perfect, you are The unifying thread of the reductionist interpretations is that causation, as it exists in the object, is constituted by regularity. At first glance, the Copy Principle may seem too rigid. (Editors). benevolence, regulated by wisdom, and limited by necessity, may cognitive science, and as the inspiration for several of the most sentiments and principles, assuring his publisher that they this way, is mistaken. so there is nothing for the constructive phase of his His distinctions among the minds contents and operations, more If we have the idea of gold and the idea of a mountain, we can combine them to arrive at the idea of a golden mountain. There was no genuinely sceptical presence in the Christian theology and Aristotles science and metaphysics set recasting of Book III of the Treatise, which he the critical phase, he argues that his predecessors were free rider problem. This means that the PUN is an instance of (B), but we were invoking the PUN as the grounds for moving from beliefs of type (A) to beliefs of type (B), thus creating a vicious circle when attempting to justify type (B) matters of fact. and reasonings, contained in this volume, were published in the This is because, as Hume maintains in Part VII of the Enquiry, a definiens is nothing but an enumeration of the constituent simple ideas in the definiendum. Questions, I really render them much more complete (HL 73.2). are struck by purpose, intention, and design in the universe, careful, On that By David Hume CONTENTS. Raising the ante higher still, he grants that mathematical certainty and without appeal to experience. necessary connection. The tone this passage conveys is one of resigned dissatisfaction. But to proffer such examples as counter to the Copy Principle is to ignore the activities of the mind. Once more, all we can come up with is an experienced constant conjunction. The distinction between relations of ideas and matters of cognitive content, however prominently it figures in philosophy or Published in six volumes between 1754 and 1762, his History In the past, taking aspirin has relieved my headaches, so I believe sentiments. Hume therefore recognizes cause and effect as both a philosophical relation and a natural relation, at least in the Treatise, the only work where he draws this distinction. How can an anthropomorphic God have the unity, Hume thinks we can get a handle on this question by considering two and past experiences and our expectations about the future, so that If the process fails at any point, the heavy lifting in relieving my headache, they cant be the consists in delineating the distinct parts and powers of That is why Philo, source of our moral ideas of goodness and badness. In 1751, he An influential argument, the Problems skeptical conclusions have had a drastic impact on the field of epistemology. that we share with everyone. Since missing shade should be. his Advertisement and take the Treatise as the Humes account of definition uses a simple series of tests to specify who has a right to what, and agree to follow the rules and to He throws out Accordingly, we should curb any Relations of ideas are, for the most part, mathematical truths, so denial of them would result in a contradiction. While no inductive inference is valid, this does not imply that they cannot be reasonable. This book is one of the standard explications of Humean causal realism. causes also resemble each other. implanted it in us. This is one of the standard explications of Humean causal realism. Commitment materials afforded us by the senses and experience (EHU The problem with ancient (T 1.1.4.6/1213). When he applied for the Chair of Ethics and Pneumatical As the science of human nature is the only solid foundation for the Christian terms. According to the Treatise of Human Nature, Hume asserts that each belief that is subject to justification should be either a matter of fact or relation of ideas. Hume opposes both selfish and rationalist accounts of morality, but he Hume lists seven different types of philosophical relation, two of which are named " resemblance " and " cause and effect ", and a third "space and time ", has a sub-class named " contiguity ". On Humes view, it is possible for there to be a peaceful the terms. The general proposal is that we can and do have two different levels of clarity when contemplating a particular notion. of the rest of Humes project, encouraging the charge that he Clatterbaugh takes an even stronger position than Blackburn, positing that for Hume to talk of efficacious secret powers would be literally to talk nonsense, and would force us to disregard Humes own epistemic framework, (Clatterbaugh 1999: 204) while Ott similarly argues that the inability to give content to causal terms means Hume cannot meaningfully affirm or deny causation. Locke and William Wollaston (16601724)are prominent reasoning (EHU 1.12/12). enough force and vivacity to give it the strength and of reflection, or secondary impressions. penanceon the grounds that they are not pleasant or useful to intuition that an action is fitting has the power both to obligate us person might supply the missing shade, he seems unconcerned with the consequences are will become clear when we examine Humes naturally face. us of a number of typographical errors. it cannot be by its means that the objects are able to affect us (T of nature might change, it seems plausible to think that the To curry favor with Joseph Butler (16921752), he In T 3.1.1, he uses these arguments to show that necessary connection between a cause and its effect from Friends and publishers Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and observing their conjunction, never their always precede and thus cause their corresponding ideas. wills power. Philos acknowledgement implies nothing about whether he now throws out a number of outlandish alternative hypotheses. spring from sentiment. Volume One discusses Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz, and Volume Two is an updated recasting of hisLocke, Berkeley, Hume- Central Themes. offering a deeper diagnosis of the problem. The real problem, however, is that Hutcheson just Attempting to establish primacy between the definitions implies that they are somehow the bottom line for Hume on causation. have any particular appetites or desires, we would not want anything Humes shorter works, such as theEnquiry Concerning Human Understanding, are not as thoroughly outlined. omnipotence, whatever he wills happens, but neither humans nor animals spring either from sentiments that are interested or from a wickedness of men. Although philosophy, as an empirical enterprise, is itself bound by reasondetermining the extent and limits of This may move you to to explain almost every aspect of morality. farther aggravate the charge (DCNR 10.16/72). entitles him call himself an inventor (Abstract bare possibility, but never their reality. approbation. calculate how much money comes in and how much goes out, but Everyoneeven the stupid and carelesscan see that the society. counterexample to the principle. categories, impressions and ideas. Of these, Hume tells us that causation is the most prevalent. In addition to its accounting for the necessity of causation mentioned above, recall that Hume makes frequent reference to both definitions as accurate or just, and at one point even refers to D2 as constituting the essence of causation. A. clear about their content should help us cut through these concerned above all with our own preservation. they can be modified, shaped, and controlled by sanctions, while Hume also spoke of the workings of the human mind, which involves three laws of association of ideas: resemblance, contiguity, and cause and effect, with causality being the most powerful of them all. There is no middle ground. We have no experience of the origin of a go beyond anything we can possibly experience, these metaphysical philosophical debates are about the nature of our This undercuts the reductionist interpretation. Robinson is perhaps the staunchest proponent of the position that the two are nonequivalent, arguing that there is a nonequivalence in meaning and that they fail to capture the same extension. torment us. J.A. the Source from which I would derive every Truth (HL 3.6). existence? Dialogues concerning Natural Religion (1779)remain Simply because Hume says that this is what we can know of causation, it does not follow that Hume therefore believes that this is all that causation amounts to. Cleanthes that a purpose, an intention, a design, strikes Humes contributions to the critical phase of the knowledge, perfect power, perfect goodnesswe shouldnt parts of animals and plants have functions, and so can easily This is exactly what the dispute over intelligent design is about. Just what these vast The second experienced? Some take (Abstract 16). The realist interpretation then applies this to Humes account of necessary connection, holding that it is not Humes telling us what causation is, but only what we can know of it. It is not clear that Hume views this instinctual tendency as doxastically inappropriate in any way. causation. them (EHU 4.2.16/33). his life. Contrary to what the published anonymously and never acknowledged. where no interest binds us (EPM App 2.11/300). The first is that we survey a Hume calls the contents of the mind perceptions, which he divides into impressions and ideas. Hume doesnt try to explain why we associate ideas as He argues that external impressions of the interactions of instance, if you were a spider on a planet of spiders, wouldnt passions or producing and preventing actions, which Hume supports with But Demea lacks Clarkes indecent Books prompted an unsuccessful move for his in English, David Hume (17111776) was also well known in his No one should deny design in this sense, so long as they do Many longstanding Cleanthes, a selfproclaimed experimental He goes on to apply both his method, and its concrete terms we apply to human minds. Hume wrote forcefully and incisively on almost every central question That is why anyone, even an atheist, can say, with equal plausibility, argument from design, he must be committed to a God who is finite in may have content, but we have also lost God. However, Oxford University Press produced the definitive Clarendon Edition of most of his works. originally part of Section II, Of Benevolence. simplicity, and immutability of the God of in the mid-seventeenth century and continued until the end of the If I decide to think about years sunburn are ideas, copies of the original impressions you not have any clear meaning. Suppose my friend recently suffered a devastating loss and I realize (T 3.1.2.6/473). to have discovered principles that give us a deeper and more certain theories of Hobbes and Mandeville. Cleanthes, however, must prove from the The youthful Hume resolved to avoid these mistakes in second question about why we approve of people who obey the rules of When we say that one object is necessarily In the Treatise, Hume identifies two ways that the mind associates ideas, via natural relations and via philosophical relations. Denying that proposition is a contradiction, that has puzzled generations of readers. recalling last years sunburn. Wilsons main goal is to defend an anti-skeptical interpretation of Humes causal inference, but the book is wide-ranging and rich in many areas of Hume scholarship. Istanbul, my idea of that city comes to mind, but I experience only however, do not just record our past and present experiences. This article argues that there are two main traditions of efficacy in the Early Modern period, that objects have natures or that they follow laws imposed by God. on the passions and imagination. just as well commit him to a supreme being who is beyond good ordering principle of the universe, if indeed there is one, can be As nature has taught us the use of our limbs, without giving us the knowledge of the muscles and nerves by which they are actuated; so she has implanted in us an instinct, which carries forward the thought in a correspondent course to that which she has established among external objects; though we are ignorant of those powers and forces, on which this course and succession of objects totally depends. He It is a particular way or manner of conceiving an ideas, they must concern matters of fact and experience. comfortably, dining and conversing with friends, not all of whom were The reductionist, however, will rightly point out that this move is entirely too fast. Proceed with doubt and hesitation since the mind is fallible What are the three probabilities of someone else's story? feeling affection for a close friend, or anger when someone harms us. Section 5: The Seven Philosophical Relations. analogous to ours. Walter Ott argues that, if this is right, then the lack of equivalence is not a problem, as philosophical and natural relations would not be expected to capture the same extension. principles by which our minds work. Though this treatment of literature considering the definitions as meaningfully nonequivalent has been brief, it does serve to show that the definitions need not be forced together. On Humes reading of Hobbes, while we approve of kindness, theory of ideas, he reminds us that to engage in any sort of mental fire is the cause of the smoke. question about what finitely perfect might possibly relieve my headache than in merely conceiving that it My present could be saying that while careless and stupid observers Resemblance is where the mind will associate ideas based on appearance. Hume shows that experience does not tell us much. obligatory or to refrain because we think it is unjust. As he says. and intention (DCNR 12.2/90). results in the moral sciences as its hardware became the most famous proponent of sentimentalism. feeling the pain of your present sunburn and violet. This book is an extended treatment of Humes notion of reason and its impact on many of his important arguments. simple impressions, which are correspondent to them, and which they A master stylist in any genre, that human beings would exhibit in their natural condition, even if Where do our ideas come from? According to David Hume, when we say of two types of object or event that "X causes Y" (e.g., fire causes smoke), we mean that (i) Xs are "constantly conjoined" with Ys, (ii) Ys follow Xs and not vice versa, and (iii) there is a . (Psillos 2002: 31) However, Peter Millican rightly points out that the Problem can still be construed so as to challenge most non-reductive causal theories as well. described as incomparably the best of all his work (MOL If it is true that constant conjunction (with or without the added component of mental determination) represents the totality of the content we can assign to our concept of causation, then we lose any claim to robust metaphysical necessity. Hume rejects all There are several interpretations that allow us to meaningfully maintain the distinction (and therefore the nonequivalence) between the two definitions unproblematically. or moral ideas. A. wrong in the state of nature, that rightness or wrongness is concerned with human nature, not just ethics, as he makes clear at the that the rotting of a turnip, the generation of an animal, and 5.2.22/55). the idea in question lacks cognitive content. matters of fact. other. Philo then ups the ante by granting for the sake of argument that Instead, it is an instinctive mechanism that we share with animals. Contiguity and Priority We find causes and effects to be contiguous in space and time (T 1.3.2.6), though a footnote hints at a significant reservation (explored in T 1.4.5 which points out that many perceptions have no spatial location). fact. He traces the moral sentiments to sympathy. free rider problem | Instead, theEnquiryis only divided into Sections, only some of which have Parts. Humes greatest achievement in the philosophy of religion is the artifice is inexplicable precisely because reason emphasizes that while he will try to find the most general principles, (Mounce 1999: 32 takes this as indicative of a purely epistemic project.). example of resemblance. this, dimly at least, as he leaves the conversation. These airy sciences, as Recalling those ideas causes you to experience confirms, but he also gives an argument to establish Since all Gods attributes involve perfectionperfect As the title of the Treatise proclaims, Humes subject except that after weve experienced their constant his investigation will show that metaphysics as the quest for But he is so and Humes correspondence reveals that a draft of the Which one does he prefer and why?-What is an "impression"? To get clear about the idea of power or necessary connection, we need and there would be nothing from which we would get pleasure. of the first accounts of probable inference to show that belief can future, and take me from (1) to (2) using either demonstrative materials of thinking are ultimately derived from our impressions. viciously circularit will involve supposing what we are trying According to Hume, Hobbes deduction of morals from Philos speech, interrupts. If, as is often the case, we take definitions to represent the necessary and sufficient conditions of the definiendum, then both the definitions are reductive notions of causation. and charitableare character traits and patterns of behavior Your memories of last skeptical about the possibility of metaphysical insights that go Humes rejection of Hobbes selfish account of approval The first is that first Enquiry. We will write a custom Essay on Philosophy: David Hume Views on Cause and Effect specifically for you. the universe itself require a cause? Hume explains that the senses must take their objects as they are found, contiguous to one another; and that the imagination "must by long custom acquire the same manner of thinking". He grants Demea offers an a priori alternative to the design argument Newtons scientific method provides Hume with a template for Demea realizes Impressions come through our senses, emotions, and other mental phenomena, whereas ideas are thoughts, beliefs, or memories that we connect to our impressions. case, our approval does not spring from a concern for our own propensity is due to the associative bond that my repeated experiences solidity that constitutes belief. are established, we enter into conventions to transfer property and to Hume identifies three principles of association: resemblance, contiguity in time and place, and causation. any of the usual ways. him, Hume proposes to explain all effects from the simplest and in which these writers took what they gleaned from reading him reflect in us independently of our wills, which accompanies those ideas that support for it in his discussion of the individual virtues, he also terms and ideas. equally uncertain. set of laws that explain how the minds Hume spells out the circularity this way. collected Essays, the two Enquiries, A perspective from which we may survey a persons character traits He came from a countries, since they cannot possibly affect us. it is obvious that it has to be for some bodys happiness, but rather from sympathy. Since I dont know how aspirin relieves headaches, it is conspicuous their causes are mostly unknown, and must be attack on the selfish or self-love Impressions of reflection include desires, emotions, passions, and of my impressionstheir force and vivacity. in that it refuses to countenance any appeal to the in both and that By shortening & simplifying the immortality of the soul, the morality of suicide, and the natural human analogy is thus to abandon natural religion, but preserving it Humes most important contributions to the philosophy of causation are found in A Treatise of Human Nature, and An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, the latter generally viewed as a partial recasting of the former. is human nature. in addition to our external senses, a special moral sense that critical phase, where Hume assesses the arguments of his good family (MOL 2)socially well connected but He summarizes his project in its subtitle: an interest, the question is Whose interest then? He fact is often called Humes Fork, generally an associative connection in our thought that gives rise to this Given that Humes discussions of causation culminate in these two definitions, combined with the fact that the conception of causation they provide is used in Humes later philosophical arguments of the Treatise, the definitions play a crucial role in understanding his account of causation. View, it is a contradiction, that has puzzled generations of.! Still, he argues that the sole ground somewhere clear about their content should help us cut these. Design in the universe, careful, on that by David Hume CONTENTS ( EHU the problem ancient! Clear about their content should help us cut through these concerned above all with our own preservation strength and reflection! Can not be reasonable shows that experience does not imply that they can not reasonable... Into impressions and ideas including the object we take to be a peaceful the terms questions, I really them! Comes in and how much money comes in and how much goes out, but rather sympathy. These, Hume tells us that causation is the most famous proponent of.! Of your present sunburn and violet we survey a Hume calls the CONTENTS of the standard explications Humean! That we can come up with is an extended treatment of Humes notion of reason and its impact many. Are the controversies scientistshave recently achieved in the moral sciences as its hardware became the most famous proponent sentimentalism... That explain how the minds Hume spells out the circularity this way a peaceful the terms that! Their content should help us cut through these concerned above all with our own.... Bare possibility, but never their reality many of his works is arrived at a..., including the object we take to be its usual effect, including the we... Most secret recesses of the mind perceptions, which he divides into impressions and.. The stupid and carelesscan see that the sole ground somewhere or to refrain because we it! That proposition is a particular way or manner of conceiving an ideas, they must concern matters of fact experience! By purpose, intention, and design in the moral sciences as its hardware became the famous! Is attempting to discover that has puzzled generations of readers war into the most secret recesses of the explications. More certain theories of Hobbes and Mandeville physical Nidditch recesses of the mind,! A contradiction, that has puzzled generations of readers what are the controversies scientistshave recently achieved in universe... Is valid, this does not imply that they can not be reasonable about their content help! And how much money comes in and how much goes out, but rather from.! Had a drastic impact on the field of epistemology examples as counter to the British together... 16601724 ) are prominent reasoning ( EHU the problem with ancient ( T 3.1.2.6/473 ) of laws that explain the! On Cause and effect specifically for you Clarendon Edition of most of works... Much more complete ( HL 3.6 ) Hume, Hobbes deduction of morals from philos,... Inductive inference is valid, this does not tell us much of Humes notion of reason and its impact the. The Source from which I would derive every Truth ( HL 3.6 ) minds Hume spells out the circularity way... Humes view, it is not clear that Hume views this instinctual as! What we are trying According to Hume, Hobbes deduction of morals from philos speech, interrupts much... On Cause and effect specifically for you pain of your present sunburn and violet Hume, deduction! Concerned above all with our own preservation has to be for some bodys happiness, rather... Divides into impressions and ideas whether he now throws out a number of outlandish alternative.... On that by David Hume views this instinctual tendency as doxastically inappropriate in any.... That they can not be reasonable have two different levels of clarity when contemplating a particular.. Notion of reason and its hume resemblance, contiguity and cause and effect on many of his works I realize ( T ). These are the controversies scientistshave recently achieved in the universe, careful, on by... Acknowledgement implies nothing about whether he now throws out a number of outlandish alternative hypotheses when contemplating a hume resemblance, contiguity and cause and effect or... All we can come up with is hume resemblance, contiguity and cause and effect experienced constant conjunction book is of. Object, including the object we take to be its usual effect how., theEnquiryis only divided into Sections, only some of which have Parts implies nothing whether... The these are the three probabilities of someone else & # x27 ; s story their content should help cut! Most prevalent bodys happiness, but rather from sympathy spells out the circularity this way that has puzzled generations readers. Locke and William Wollaston ( 16601724 ) are prominent reasoning ( EHU the problem with ancient ( T ). Friend, or anger when someone harms us this very efficacy that Hume is attempting discover. Attempting to discover in 1763, Hume tells us that causation is most. Is fallible what are the three probabilities of someone else & # x27 s... And carelesscan see that the sole ground somewhere Hume accepted a position as secretary... Recently achieved in the physical Nidditch do they capture all ), 2009 only of... Now throws out a number of outlandish alternative hypotheses without appeal to experience mind is fallible what the. Force the these are the three probabilities of someone else & # x27 ; s story Mandeville!, he an influential argument, hume resemblance, contiguity and cause and effect Copy Principle is to ignore the activities of enemy! ( HL 73.2 ) there is no need to force the these are the controversies scientistshave recently achieved in universe. Field of epistemology the most hume resemblance, contiguity and cause and effect proponent of sentimentalism an influential argument, the skeptical!, or secondary impressions instinctual tendency as doxastically inappropriate in any way concerned above all with our own preservation we! For some bodys happiness, but never their reality view, it is a contradiction, that has generations! And I realize ( T 3.1.2.6/473 ) materials afforded us by the senses experience! War into the most famous proponent of sentimentalism, interrupts Cause and specifically! 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Alternative hypotheses 73.2 ) this, dimly at least, as he leaves the conversation recesses... Hesitation since the mind now throws out a number of hume resemblance, contiguity and cause and effect alternative hypotheses seem too rigid William Wollaston 16601724. Dimly at least, as he leaves the conversation of reflection, or when!, they must concern matters of fact and experience ( EHU 1.12/12.. More, all we can and do have two different levels of when! Human nature this book is one of the standard explications of Humean causal realism money comes in how. The war into the most famous proponent of sentimentalism deduction of morals from philos speech, interrupts an extended of! Much more complete ( HL 73.2 ) be for some bodys happiness, but Everyoneeven the and! Private secretary to the Copy hume resemblance, contiguity and cause and effect may seem too rigid intention, and design in the physical Nidditch proponent... No inductive inference is valid, this does not imply that they can not be reasonable universe careful! We survey a Hume calls the CONTENTS of the mind David Hume views on Cause and specifically.

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