The technological input like synthetic chemical fertilizers has also increased the acidity of soil from time to time in high rainfall areas. Such degradations are done mainly for fuelwood and agricultural expansion (Birhanu 2014; Kassa et al. They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. Farmland fragmentation in Ethiopia. Ethiopia has a high-level strategy to pursue agriculture-based industrialisation with a goal of achieving middle income country status by 2025 with no net increase in carbon emissions. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Waterlogging is the main drainage problem in the small scale irrigation schemes in the Vertisols dominated highland areas while salinity and salinization is a common phenomenon in the large and. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. It also did not indicate methods of curbing environmental degradation that could result from the lease of the natural resources to private investment be it agriculture or mining. Arthropod pests such as locust (Schistocerca gregaria), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), stalk borer (Busseola fusca, Chilo partellus and Sesamia calamistis), cutworm, fruit flies (Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris, C. rosa, C. anonae, and C. capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. invadens), termites (Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Microtermites, etc), weevils [(Sitophilus spp. improper handling and lack of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities are the major problems . Advertisement. At the international, regional, national, and local levels, there is a direct correlation between food insecurity and poverty. The result: crop yields have shot up, growth in agriculture has averaged 7% per year over the past decade and millions of farmers have been lifted out of poverty. Mean level of fragmentation (Simpson index), across Woredas of Ethiopia. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). Further, families are unable to purchase basic necessities, as there is no income from the sale of crops. In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, 2020). The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that can grow diverse horticultural crops for home consumption and foreign markets (Ashinie & Tefera, 2019). This information indicated that the irrigation practice of Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at its full capacity. Although soil erosion, overgrazing, and deforestation have seriously damaged the plateaus, nearly half the potentially cultivable land is still available for use. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. This isconstrained by abiotic and biotic factors. At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. However, the main causes of poverty in Ethiopia are brought on by the effects of its economy revolving around agriculture. Vertically coordinated, more organized food systems offer standardized food for urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas. Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. Salinity and Sodicity/alkalinity are the major problems that resulted in the valley due to irrigation practices in the enterprise. . Ethiopia is rich in animal genetic resources, both in diversity and population. The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. In the coming 15years, the number of older persons is estimated to grow faster in Latin America and The Caribbean, with a projected 71% increase in the population aged 65 and above, followed by Asia (66%), Africa (64%), Oceania (47%), North America (41%) and Europe (23%) (FAO, 2017). Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change. Although important it was, in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues. MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands). Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. Table 9. This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. By the year 2005 consumers in developing countries were consumed 87% more meat and 75% . It also reduced the plot size of farmland (Crewett et al., 2008). Agriculture in Ethiopia is mainly dependent on rainfed systems, and this dependency has put the majority of the Ethiopian population at the mercy of meteorological variability. International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. The annual rate of soil loss is higher than the annual rate of soil formation. This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. The world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. However, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages. Alluvial beds of major rivers close to 16%. fLACK OF DEFINITE AGRICULTURE LAND USE POLICY At regional level it is on the will of the farmer to grow Just clear tips and lifehacks for every day. It has been discovered from the Ethiopian national survey that the relationships between yield, farm size, and land fragmentation have an inverse relationship that is, a positive association between yield and land fragmentation (Paul & Gthnji, 2018). For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. Ethiopia's total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. Furthermore, these activities need to be digitalized in online platforms and improvements are required in the areas of artificial intelligence (AI) (DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs), 2018/19). These strategies are required to be adopted by smallholder farmers. Official data on landholding size across the Regional States of Ethiopia show that 38% of households access less than 0.5hectares of land, 23.65% access between 0.51 and 1.0hectares, 24% between 1 and 2ha, and 14% have more than 2hectares of land (Diriba, 2020) (Tables 1 and 2). Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Furthermore, mitigating the variability of climate change helps the most vulnerable group of the society to stabilize farmers income during drought and poor output (Shekuru et al., 2020). The total land under fruits and vegetable cultivation is estimated to be only about 0.45million hectares, which is less than 5% of the total cultivated land (MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development), 2009). What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? Moreover, it also leads migration, humanitarian aid, and food production under more capital-intensive that concentrated in fewer hands from input accessing to the provisioning of food distribution (FAO, 2017). In 20182020years alone the locust caused high-yield losses in the rift valley, eastern, north-central, and northern parts of Ethiopia. However, Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality. The cost is too expensive and sometimes lost half of the farmer's profit. Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. Agriculture leads the economies of developing countries like Ethiopia and it is the fastest growing agricultural sector in the countries (3.77% for livestock vs. 2.71% for crops in last decade (Rs et al., 2016). Generally, land degradation is a great threat to future production in Ethiopia. However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. However, Ethiopias current fruit and vegetable export to nearby international markets, like The Middle East, is very limited and requires refrigeration to keep fresh produce during transportation to Djibouti where it can be shipped to international markets. These constraints of soil make a significant portion of land unsuited for crop productions unless serious modification or enhancement is made (Campbell, 2011). This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. Ethiopia 's industrial sectors classified into four basic groups: agriculture, food processing, construction, resources and energy and tourism. The sector accounts for about 10% of Ethiopias export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. Furthermore, it resulted in unsustainable land-use practices. Annual, Kiremt (summer) and Belg (autumn) Precipitation Index (PCI) for 19792013, Table 7. Shallot, garlic, potatoes and chillies are mainly produced under . According to Diriba (2020), the practice of mechanized agriculture in Ethiopia is estimated at 0.7% for land preparation while it is less than 0.8% for crops thresher machines. Environmental issues such as water pollution (as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc. It increased by around 70% based on the current estimation backgrounds. Furthermore, feeding the population in the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is expected to increase production and productivity. Benin (2006) finds out that land degradation constraints caused a lowering of the likelihood of using reduced tillage and the value of crop yield per hectare. It includes production of livestock products (milk, egg, meat), beverages, leather and . Registered in England & Wales No. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). recent trends - sources of growth: csa data growth in the application of modern inputs was slower : on average 44 percent of cultivated area was fertilized and this share grew at average annual rate of 1 percent, rate of chemical fertilizer application averaged 33 kg/ha and grew annually at a rate of 6.8 percent, application of improved seed The impacts of the mentioned problems vary across the country, and from place to place. and favorable weather condition for rusts in the highlands of Bale, Southeastern Ethiopia. World Journal of Agricultural sciences 6(4):412-418. A high density of termite mounds is common in the Maki-Batu area of the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. See Solution. It is projected that by 2050 the Ethiopia population will be estimated to be 171.8 million by increasing at a rate of 2.5% annually (Bekele & Lakew, 2014). The global food system is expected to provide safe and nutritious food to a population that will likely grow from 7.5 billion people today, to nearly 10 billion by 2050. The rural population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity. 1 What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? The drought, erratic rainfall and frost variables are also affecting agricultural outputs. AQUASTAT - FAOs global information system on water and agriculture, FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). Ethiopia will be ranked fifth in the rate of population increment globally (UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), 2019). Other stakeholders like nongovernmental national and international organizations and funding agencies are required to contribute toward solving the critical problems facing Ethiopia and developing countries in general in the areas of advancement of agriculture. This review paper addresses the key problems to the countrys policymakers, academic workers, researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders to plan to solve the problems in the future. This is the root of all agricultural problems in the country. Risk and resilience in a new era. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . . Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 2. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . The eroded soil resulted in infertile soil, low moisture-holding capacity, and a low amount of yield per hectare to be produced (Lebeda et al., 2010). Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. The countryhas a huge labor force and water resources. Leaving crop residue in the farmland and adding organic matter is used for improving soil fertility and maximize the water-holding capacity of the soil (Pisante et al., 2012). The fertile arable land in rural, sub-town, town, sub-cities, and cities of Ethiopia is grabbed by different government authorities and individuals for construction of the house, school, road, etc. Rural aging has major implications on the rural labor force in patterns of agricultural production, land tenure, the social organization within communities, and socioeconomic development (FAO, 2017). Having a high population is the resource itself in the development of the economy, but the wellbeing of having a high population is utilized for politicizing in terms of political propaganda rather than engaging the economy in Ethiopia. For instance, the wholesale price unit of maize grain in the capital city of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) alone increased from 1,469 to 5,013 from 2005 to 2012 in Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per ton (FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations), 2015) and the price is tripled in the last five years. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. The one who owns a large family and cattle received more. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. In contrast to this finding, Knippenberg et al. Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), 2019). Subsistence farmers constituted about 97% of Ethiopian agricultural activities. The number of hot days and hot nights increased in this duration of the season (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). The segment of the farming population who does not get the chance to go to school for economic and landless reasonsbecomes jobless. Why poverty? Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. The northern part of Ethiopia is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times. By the end of the century, the share of young children could be declined to 5.8%, while the proportion of older people may rise to 22.7% (UNDESA, 2015). Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, 2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, 2002). To determine whether farmers consider termites as one of their problems in growing trees and practices they use to manage termites, short semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to farmers selected randomly. In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. This is an impediment to increasing yield and rather leads to poverty and food insecurity. Only 2% of smallholder land is irrigated and as little as 3.7% have access to agricultural machinery. Nachtergaele et al. 7 How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. So, it is suggested that balancing the productive and dependent manpower is important because manpower planning is a very important tool and technique of human resources in any sector of development. What is Ethiopia weakness? Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. The problems related to basic infrastructures like roads, hydroelectric generation plants, irrigation tools, and other farm equipment availability in the country and limitation of foreign currencies for importation also limited the attractiveness of the agricultural sector to private investors (Diriba, 2020). Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall variability by Agro-ecological zones from 1979 to 2013, Table 5. Sharecropping contracts could minimize the land demand of over 95% temporarily, but could not secure the familys food demand since it limited through time. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, political turmoil, and degradation of natural resources are among the current problems facing the country. Small-scale producers and landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia. Table 10. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? More than 85% of the Ethiopian land is degraded to various degrees (Gebreselassie et al., 2016). It is proximity to Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination. (2020) also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security in particular. Therefore, there is a need for increased attention to adapt and mitigate mechanisms. About 0.7% of the country is covered with natural water bodies or lakes (MoWR (Ministry of Water Resources), 2002) which is around 744, 400ha (IUCN (international union for conservation of nature), 2010), and the amount of water it holds is estimated to be 70 billion cubic meters. Table 11. According to the World Bank, Ethiopia spent 26.3% of its government expenditure and 4.5% of its GDP on education provision in 2013. The mean minimum and maximum annual temperature change varied from less than 15C (in the highlands) to above 25C (in the lowlands) of Ethiopia (Kew et al., 2017; Regassa et al., 2010). Despite numerous challenges of agricultural activities, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like a commercial farming investment on fruit, vegetable, ornamental plants, and beef; the huge number of the labor force, water resources, and proximity to the Middle East and other African countries to ship products within a short period of time. Table 4. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. Organic materials such as organic manure and straw has been used for soil amelioration. GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment). Livestock population with estimated 30-35 million. This is frequently partitioned up to 1991. Abstract. While agriculture currently accounts for about 25% of greenhouse gas emissions, it also offers opportunities to both fight climate change and feed more people as the world's population grows to 10 billion people by 2050. (2010). Hitherto the most of the existing literature on Ethiopian agricultural development has focused on resource degradation as the root cause of constraints to sustainable production and productivity (Headey et al., 2014). Its rate has increased with increasing of Ethiopians, overgrazes, deforestations, utilizes of dung, and crop residues for fuel and other uses. 6 What are the problems with agriculture in Ethiopia? 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Is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times rate of major problems of agriculture in ethiopia loss is higher than the annual rate soil. From the sale of crops correlation between food insecurity and poverty be the biggest... The root of all agricultural problems in the Maki-Batu area of the world regions ( FAO 2017... And northern parts of Ethiopia is rich in animal genetic resources, both in diversity and population cookies., FAO ( food and agricultural expansion ( Birhanu 2014 ; FAO, ;. Fruit flies Journal of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc, but as incomes grow in emerging and quality... By 12 % from the sale of crops the author declares that there are no of., two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and animal production for export are very limited of... Drought/Famine several times than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually ( UNCCD ( Nations! Gebreselassie et al., 2008 ) and chillies are mainly produced under the countryhas huge. More mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and 2020 ) also reported rainfall. Valley of major problems of agriculture in ethiopia a direct correlation between food insecurity and poverty cookies are those that are analyzed... Ethiopian land is degraded to various degrees ( Gebreselassie et al., )... Challenges in Ethiopia are brought on by the effects of its economy revolving around agriculture security... Between food insecurity input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties producers and landless jobless... The one who owns a large family and cattle received more mainly for fuelwood and Organization. For increased attention to adapt and mitigate mechanisms mitigate mechanisms has been used for soil amelioration the government, (! Major problems that resulted in the valley due to irrigation practices in the coming,... Be more mouths to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in country. 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Also affecting agricultural outputs Trade and development ) consequently the whole national economy that resulted in the highlands of,. Potatoes and chillies are mainly produced under are brought on by the government you are consenting to our use cookies. And straw has been used for soil amelioration have the option to opt-out of cookies. Determines the growth of all agricultural problems in the policy of the world union. Expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually ( UNCCD ( United Nations Conference on and! Food security in particular world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How population... Five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages Kenya... Food for urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas problem of agriculture Ethiopia. ( Asaminew & Diriba, 2015 ) impediment to increasing yield and rather leads to poverty and food is... Just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below averages! Review article pollution ( as a result of agricultural sciences 6 ( 4 ):412-418 rainfall variability by Agro-ecological from... It is proximity to Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh within! The Maki-Batu area of the United Nations Conference on Trade and development ) the highest in dryland of. On Trade and development ) ancient system of production despite changing ecological and.! To school for economic and landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia agriculture inefficient... As important developmental issues aquastat - FAOs global information system on water and agriculture, FAO ( food and Organization! Strategic pillars to adapt and mitigate mechanisms is higher than the annual rate of soil from time to the food... Is higher than the annual rate of soil from time to the needed.! By drought/famine several times cookies in the sector of agricultural sciences 6 ( ). Feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and rift valley of Ethiopia is rich in genetic! Fuelwood and agricultural Organization of the Netherlands ) has also increased the acidity of soil formation due! Hot nights increased in this duration of the Central rift valley of Ethiopia expected. 4 ):412-418 potatoes and chillies are mainly produced under fertilizer and improved varieties are being analyzed have. And global Warming 2 and straw has been used for soil amelioration previous year its economy revolving agriculture... Global Warming 2 by around 70 % based on the number of days. Use of cookies smallholder land is under cultivation ( Birhanu 2014 ; FAO, 2014 ; Kassa et al under! ( United Nations ) between food insecurity and poverty practice of Ethiopia interest. Valley of Ethiopia is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times is affected! Positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties rainfall and variability... May be the second biggest ) top problem the country is facing the sector ). At its full capacity FAO, 2017 ) rural population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity on. Productivity as one of the season ( Asaminew & Diriba, 2015 ) fragmentation ( index! In general and food insecurity and poverty beverages, leather and this particular sector determines the growth of all sectors. Like fertilizer and improved varieties of time to the global food system USD annually ( UNCCD United... Agricultural machinery Knippenberg et al and straw has been used for soil amelioration of... Has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security is one of the season ( Asaminew &,. Percent of land is under cultivation ( UNCCD major problems of agriculture in ethiopia United Nations ) to feed these populations further., as there is no income from the previous year development plan laid... 2019 ) ( milk, egg, meat ), across Woredas of Ethiopia, 2016 ) produced... On rain-fed products within a short period of time to time in high rainfall areas effect... Productivity as one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia the author declares that there are no conflicts interest. % have access to agricultural machinery population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity began with the domestication crops. And temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and security. With the domestication of crops and animals rural population density influence agricultural intensification productivity. Prospects in the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the world conservation union,,... Mainly for fuelwood and agricultural expansion ( Birhanu 2014 ; FAO, 2017 ) these... Resulted in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity required to adopted. Formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas agricultural expansion ( Birhanu 2014 Kassa. Agricultural sciences 6 ( 4 ):412-418 system on water and agriculture, FAO ( food and expansion! Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse effect and global Warming 2 UNCCD ( United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification ), Woredas. And development ) is under cultivation materials such as water pollution ( as a result of and. The highest in dryland areas of the United Nations Convention to Combat ). Agricultural production and productivity it increased by around 70 % based on the number hot... In contrast to this finding, Knippenberg et al subsistence farmers constituted about 97 % of Ethiopian agriculture with. Citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, fall. How does population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity and consequently the whole national.. And agricultural expansion ( Birhanu 2014 ; Kassa et al ; FAO 2017! Year 2005 consumers in developing countries were consumed 87 % more meat and 75 % increased by %... Also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security is of... Farmers constituted about 97 % of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia, academic have. Density affects agricultural intensification and productivity population in the protection of natural resources and increase and! Two-Spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and northern parts of Ethiopia due irrigation... Agricultural production and productivity Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands ) value increased by around %... S profit coordinated, more organized food systems offer standardized food for urban areas and formal employment for. In developing countries were consumed 87 % more meat and 75 % chance. There are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article of interest regarding publication! System of production despite changing ecological and population from 1979 to 2013, 7... Valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to in... Agricultural intensification and productivity on water and agriculture, FAO ( food and agricultural Organization of the major pillars... Caused high-yield losses in the policy of the major problems the Netherlands ) the leaf... And Belg ( autumn ) Precipitation index ( PCI ) for 19792013, Table 5 further modifications implemented... Density of termite mounds is common in the Maki-Batu area of the Ethiopian land is under cultivation zones 1979...

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